5·12汶川地震后陇南山区典型滑坡调查分析

本文以甘肃省北峪河流域的三家地滑坡、红土坡滑坡、曾家街滑坡作为主要研究对象,通过对上述三个典型滑坡的野外实地测量,结合对当地民众的走访以及在当地政府部门获取的相关数据,归纳分析得出该地区滑坡灾害的主要诱发因素,及其给人们带来的影响。     

改建铁路噪声污染的“以新带老”措施探讨

以沈阳至哈尔滨铁路提速改造工程（长大K410-长大K580＋400）为例,探讨改建铁路环评过程中,对于不同的路段如何确定噪声污染防治原则;如何结合实际,落实噪声污染防治的“以新带老”措施。并根据改建铁路工程具体情况和铁路沿线环境敏感点分布情况,提出了具体的噪声污染防治原则和污染防治措施。预测结果表明,实施这一原则与方案,既可以保证改建路段沿线环境质量达标,又使得既有路段沿线环境质量有所提高。本文认为,根据中国国情,改建铁路噪声污染防治的“以新带老”措施不能一步到位,但必须制定达标计划,实施逐步提高。     

事故经济损失分类及评估方法研究综述*

为系统了解事故的经济损失分类、评估方法以及发展方向,通过文献综述的方法,回顾事故经济损失的研究起源,总结主要的分类方法,归纳评估方法的主要特点,分析评估难点并展望未来可能的研究方向。研究结果表明:事故经济损失统计项目难以全部列出,须在其构成价值与评估所需努力之间相权衡;在事后全面准确评估经济损失仍是未来的研究重点,其有益于统计标准的制修订,而事前评估则是1个新兴的方向;很难选择合适的直间比来评估间接经济损失,未来需开发1种简单灵活的评估方法。研究结果可为未来事故经济损失分类和评估的研究应用提供理论和数据支撑。     

浅论我国环境法与外商投资的关系

为调整外商中的投资环境保护问题,我佃环境法已经形成了一个包括宪法性规范,专项单行立法,地方性法规及国际公约等多层次的法律框架。我国将外商投资项目分为鼓励允许、限制禁止四类,并规定了外商投资应遵循的若干环境管理措施。但总体上看我国环境法还存在立法和执法缺陷,亟待完善。     

Use of Empirically Derived Source-Destination Models to Map Regional Conservation Corridors

Abstract:  The ability of populations to be connected across large landscapes via dispersal is critical to long-term viability for many species. One means to mitigate population isolation is the protection of movement corridors among habitat patches. Nevertheless, the utility of small, narrow, linear features as habitat corridors has been hotly debated. Here, we argue that analysis of movement across continuously resistant landscapes allows a shift to a broader consideration of how landscape patterns influence connectivity at scales relevant to conservation. We further argue that this change in scale and definition of the connectivity problem improves one's ability to find solutions and may help resolve long-standing disputes regarding scale and definition of movement corridors and their importance to population connectivity. We used a new method that combines empirically derived landscape-resistance maps and least-cost path analysis between multiple source and destination locations to assess habitat isolation and identify corridors and barriers to organism movement. Specifically, we used a genetically based landscape resistance model for American black bears ( Ursus americanus ) to identify major movement corridors and barriers to population connectivity between Yellowstone National Park and the Canadian border. Even though western Montana and northern Idaho contain abundant public lands and the largest wilderness areas in the contiguous United States, moving from the Canadian border to Yellowstone Park along those paths indicated by modeled gene flow required bears to cross at least 6 potential barriers. Our methods are generic and can be applied to virtually any species for which reliable maps of landscape resistance can be developed.     

重大危险源企业与属地政府“一对一”应急预案编制研究

目前的企业应急预案与政府应急预案缺乏有效的衔接,重大事故发生时企业周边公众因不能及时疏散而造成严重伤亡,“一对一”预案的目标是在科学分析事故风险的基础上充分发挥属地政府在应急救援中的重要作用。对“一对一”应急预案的编制重点进行了分析研究,提出了编制框架和技术要求,并以某厂液氯液氨库房为例,通过事故后果、个人风险的定量计算,结合厂周边边环境情况规划了事故后的疏散范围、当地街道（地区）办事处的疏散工作片区划分及避难路线。“一对一”预案的编制有助于增强重大危险源企业与属地政府的应急联动,减少事故伤亡。     

Theorising pathways to sustainability

Using a Pathways approach, controversies over environmental and natural resource management are viewed as expressions of alternative, or competing, pathways to sustainability. This supports deeper understanding of the underlying causes of natural resource management controversies. The framework is composed of two elements: the STEPS (Social, Technological, and Environmental Pathways to Sustainability) Pathways approach and frame analysis. Many sustainable development dilemmas are played out in specific places and consequently, the Pathways approach is integrated with a place-based frame analysis. The resulting framework guides empirical investigation in place-based contexts. This theorising about sustainability science can be used to cast light on contested natural resource management issues, in this case mining in northern Sweden. By exposing the range of alternative Pathways to critical norms of sustainable development, we ascertain whether action alternatives are compatible with sustainable futures. The framework provides a way in which sustainability science can better understand the origins of natural resource management conflicts, characterise the positions of the actors involved, identify the potential for cooperation between stakeholders leading to policy resolution and judge what Pathways help or hinder the pursuit of sustainable development. In addition, it can enhance sustainability science by guiding integrative sustainability research at the project scale.     

Explaining the fragmentation in the Brazilian Amazonian forest

Although vast literature exists on the drivers of tropical deforestation and its ecological consequences, less is known about how patterns of forest fragmentation emerge in the first place. The purpose of this paper is to address this issue for the Brazilian portion of the Amazon basin by analyzing the social processes generative of five specific patterns, including rectangular, fishbone, radial, dendritic, and what we refer to as ‘the stem of the rose.’ We argue that forest fragmentation patterns in the Brazilian Amazon are largely determined by the types and arrival times of the agents who engage in land clearing. We also argue that the patterns manifest in the landscape by virtue of road construction and agricultural property formation, which often occur in tandem. We conclude by placing our discussion within legal and institutional contexts, and observe that fragmentation stemming from formal colonization projects is more consistent with biodiversity conservation than that associated with a laissez-faire occupation. However, erosive impacts may be greater in topographically sensitive areas.     

A Retrospective Evaluation of the Global Decline of Carnivores and Ungulates

Assessing temporal changes in species extinction risk is necessary for measuring conservation success or failure and for directing conservation resources toward species or regions that would benefit most. Yet, there is no long‐term picture of genuine change that allows one to associate species extinction risk trends with drivers of change or conservation actions. Through a review of 40 years of IUCN‐related literature sources on species conservation status (e.g., action plans, red‐data books), we assigned retrospective red‐list categories to the world's carnivores and ungulates (2 groups with relatively long generation times) to examine how their extinction risk has changed since the 1970s. We then aggregated species’ categories to calculate a global trend in their extinction risk over time. A decline in the conservation status of carnivores and ungulates was underway 40 years ago and has since accelerated. One quarter of all species (n = 498) moved one or more categories closer to extinction globally, while almost half of the species moved closer to extinction in Southeast Asia. The conservation status of some species improved (toward less threatened categories), but for each species that improved in status 8 deteriorated. The status of large‐bodied species, particularly those above 100 kg (including many iconic taxa), deteriorated significantly more than small‐bodied species (below 10 kg). The trends we found are likely related to geopolitical events (such as the collapse of Soviet Union), international regulations (such as CITES), shifting cultural values, and natural resource exploitation (e.g., in Southeast Asia). Retrospective assessments of global species extinction risk reduce the risk of a shifting baseline syndrome, which can affect decisions on the desirable conservation status of species. Such assessments can help conservationists identify which conservation policies and strategies are or are not helping safeguard biodiversity and thus can improve future strategies. Una Evaluación Retrospectiva de la Declinación Global de Carnívoros y Ungulados     

井工转露天开采边坡岩体滑移机制的试验研究

井工转露天是一个新的论题,因开采时序的改变,导致边坡体的滑移机制产生了质的变化。应用底面摩擦模型试验和数值模拟方法,针对新的开采时序关系进行了模拟研究,揭示了露天矿延深开采扰动作用下井采区上覆岩体的平衡体系失稳与再活化过程及其演变规律;针对两种开采模式影响域的部分或整体的相互叠加作用特点,分析了自重应力与附加应力的叠加作用属性及开采时序变化对边坡体变形的影响规律,揭示了地下采区对边坡稳定性影响的分区性特点及其影响机制。