石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定海水中痕量铅

研究了APDC-DDTC/CCI4体系石墨炉原子吸收法测定海水中痕量Pb.在最佳务件测定海水中痕量铅与标准方法有良好的相关性(R=0.9969),统计检验表明,置信度为95%时,两方法之间没有显著差异.本法RSD%=1.1,精密度略优于标准方法,操作简便,节省时间.应用于海水中铅的分析,取得了令人满意的结果.     

离子色谱法测定土壤中草甘膦的提取溶液选择

以辽宁棕壤等10种土壤为样品,探讨了水和pH值=9.00～14.00的氢氧化钠(NaOH)作为提取液对草甘膦分析的影响.结果表明,以水为提取液,仅石灰性紫色土和灰钙土能获得较高的回收率,其他所测土壤尤其是pH值<8.00的土壤其回收率较低,提取效果受土壤理化性质影响明显.以pH值=9.00～14.00的NaOH为提取液...     

Environmental risk assessment of heavy metal extractability in a biosludge from the biological wastewater treatment plant of a pulp and paper mill

A five-stage sequential extraction procedure was used to fractionate heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, Cr, Zn, Fe, Mn, Ni, Co, As, V and Ba) in a biosludge from the biological wastewater treatment plant of Stora Enso Oyj Veitsiluoto Mills at Kemi, Northern Finland, into the following fractions: (1) water-soluble fraction, (2) exchangeable fraction, (3) easily reduced fraction, (4) oxidizable fraction, and (5) residual fraction. The biosludge investigated in this study is a combination of sludge from the primary and secondary clarifiers at the biological wastewater treatment plant. Extraction stages (2)–(4) follow the protocol proposed by the Measurements and Testing Program (formerly BCR Programme) of the European Commission, which is based on acetic acid extraction (stage 2), hydroxylamine hydrochloride extraction (stage 3), and hydrogen peroxide digestion following the ammonium acetate extraction (stage 4). The residual fraction (stage 5) was based on digestion of the residue from stage 4 in a mixture of HF + HNO₃ + HCl. Although metals were extractable in all fractions, the highest concentrations of most of the metals occurred in the residual fraction. From the environmental point of view, it was notable that the total heavy metal concentrations in the biosludge did not exceed the maximal allowable heavy metal concentrations for sewage sludge used in agriculture, set on the basis of environmental protection of soil by European Union Directive 86/278/EEC, and by the Finnish legislation. The Ca (98.6 g kg⁻¹; dry weight) and Mg (2.2 g kg⁻¹; dry weight) concentrations in the biosludge were 62 and 11 times higher than the typical values of 1.6 and of 0.2 g kg⁻¹ (dry weight), respectively, in arable land in Central Finland. The biosludge had a slightly alkaline pH (∼8.30), a high loss-on-ignition value (∼78%) and a liming effect of 10.3% expressed as Ca equivalents (dry weight). This indicates its potential as a soil conditioner and improvement agent, as well as a pH buffer.     

特丁硫磷原药生产废水的治理

针对特丁硫磷原药生产废水特点，提出了采用萃取-氧化-铝盐沉降法治理方案．并进行效益分析，结果表明，该治理方案具有良好的经济效益，社会效益和环境效益。     

Urban airborne particulate: genotoxicity evaluation of different size fractions by mutagenesis tests on microorganisms and comet assay

The genotoxic effects of different size fractions of airborne particulate (Total, PM₁₀ and PM_2.5), extracted with acetone or toluene, were evaluated by: the Ames plate test (TA98 and TA100 strains, w/o S9), gene conversion and reversion (w/o endogenous metabolic activation) in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae D7 strain, and the comet assay on human leukocytes. The data on human leukocytes confirm the sensitivity of the comet assay and its applicability to assess genotoxicity in environmental samples. The PM_2.5 fraction of airborne particulate generally shows the highest concentration of DNA-damaging compounds. Genotoxic response, in all the test systems applied, is highly dependent on extraction solvent used. Acetone seems to extract compounds with more similar genotoxic responses in the three test systems used than toluene extracts. Toluene appears to extract air pollutants genotoxic on yeast and leukocytes but is mainly cytotoxic on Salmonella.     

生物通风修复石油污染土壤的研究进展

生物通风是一种去污效果好、操作费用低的土壤原位修复技术。本文概述了生物通风系统的结构、设计目的、适用范围和优缺点 ,并详细论述了生物通风的国内外研究现状 ,包括现场应用、影响因素和强化技术及理论研究 ,并展望了生物通风在我国的应用前景。     

中国环境与生物标准参考物质中甲基汞的测定

应用了多种分离技术分离有机汞，以气相色谱电子捕获检测器测定甲基汞和乙基汞，测定了一些已经定值总汞的中国环境与生物标准参考物质及一些别国制备的标准测参考物质。采用不同分离技术，所得结果基本一致，也存在些差异。实验室之间的测定结果也很接近。建议上述物质可作为测定甲基汞和乙基汞的标准参考物质。     

络合萃取法从发酵废液中提取土霉素的研究

采用络合萃取法提取土霉素废液中的土霉素，并以土霉素水溶液作为模拟试液，研究了吡啶类萃取剂对土霉素的萃取规律。结果表明，在中性和弱碱性条件下，选用氯代十六烷基吡啶（PCC）和溴代十六烷基吡啶（PCB）2种产品均可有效萃取废液中的土霉素。在酸性条件下容易反萃得到合格的土霉素结晶产品。     

孔雀绿萃取光度法测量微量铅的研究

研究了铅（Ⅱ）—碘化钾—孔雀绿（ＭＧ）缔合显色体系。发现在ｐＨ＝４．７的ＨＡｃ—ＮａＡｃ缓冲溶液中，ＭＧ与ＰｂＩ形成稳定的缔合物，可用苯萃取，其最大吸收峰位于６２５ｎｍ处，摩尔吸光系数为１．２×１０￣５Ｌ／（ｍｏｌ·ｃｍ），Ｐｂ（Ⅱ）浓度在０～２５μｇ／１０ｍｌ范围内符合比耳定律，缔合物的组成比为Ｐｂ（Ⅱ）：Ｉ：ＭＧ＝１：４：２。应用此法测定了煤飞灰标样、茶叶、自来水中的铅含量，结果令人满意。     

Concentrations of heavy metals in fly ash from a coal-fired power plant with respect to the new Finnish limit values

In Finland, the new limit values for heavy metals in fertilizers used in agriculture and in forestry came into force in March 2007, and for materials used as earth construction agents, in June 2006. From the utilization point of view, it was notable that the total heavy metal concentrations (Cd, Cu, Pb, Cr, Mo, Zn, As, Ni, Ba, and Hg) in fly ash from a coal-fired power plant were lower than those limit values. The concentrations of the easily soluble elements Ca, Mg, Na, P, and Zn in the fly ash were between 3.5 and 35 times higher than those found in the coarse mineral soils of Finland. Fly ash is a potential agent for soil remediation and for improving soil fertility. If inorganic materials and by-products are utilized in earthworks, the content of harmful compounds must be low and the harmful components must be tightly bound to the matrix. Therefore, a five-stage sequential extraction procedure was used to evaluate the extractability of different elements in fly ash into the following fractions: (1) the water-soluble fraction, (2) the exchangeable fraction (CH₃COOH), (3) the easily reduced fraction (NH₂OH-HCl), (4) the oxidizable fraction (H₂O₂ + CH₃COONH₄), and (5) the residual fraction (HF + HNO₃ + HCl).