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排序方式: 共有153条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
91.
92.
Erin L. Murphy Miranda Bernard Gwenllian Iacona Stephanie B. Borrelle Megan Barnes Alexis McGivern Jorge Emmanuel Leah R. Gerber 《Conservation biology》2022,36(2):e13827
Marine plastic pollution has emerged as one of the most pressing environmental challenges of our time. Although there has been a surge in global investment for implementing interventions to mitigate plastic pollution, there has been little attention given to the cost of these interventions. We developed a decision support framework to identify the economic, social, and ecological costs and benefits of plastic pollution interventions for different sectors and stakeholders. We calculated net cost as a function of six cost and benefit categories with the following equation: cost of implementing an intervention (direct, indirect, and nonmonetary costs) minus recovered costs and benefits (monetary and nonmonetary) produced by the interventions. We applied our framework to two quantitative case studies (a solid waste management plan and a trash interceptor) and four comparative case studies, evaluating the costs of beach cleanups and waste-to-energy plants in various contexts, to identify factors that influence the costs of plastic pollution interventions. The socioeconomic context of implementation, the spatial scale of implementation, and the time scale of evaluation all influence costs and the distribution of costs across stakeholders. Our framework provides an approach to estimate and compare the costs of a range of interventions across sociopolitical and economic contexts. 相似文献
93.
94.
Edward D. Goldberg 《Chemistry and Ecology》1995,10(1):3-8
Three collectives of substances - plastics, plant nutrients, biotoxins - are candidates for monitoring programmes that could keep track of the quality of ocean waters for vital life processes. All three are not subject to systematic surveillance at present. They are each characterized by long residence times in the marine environment, by increasing influx, and by growing evidence of their deleterious impacts on living systems. 相似文献
95.
This article describes the gasification of polyethylene–wood mixtures to form syngas (H2 and CO) with the aim of feedstock recycling via direct fermentation of syngas to ethanol. The aim was to determine the effects
of four process parameters on process properties that give insight into the efficiency of gasification in general, and particularly
into the optimum gasification conditions for the production of ethanol by fermentation of producer gas. Gasification experiments
(fluidized bed, 800°–950°C) were done under different conditions to optimize the composition of syngas suitable for fermentation
purposes. The data obtained were used for statistical analysis and modeling. In this way, the effect of each parameter on
the process properties was determined and the model was used to predict the optimum gasification conditions. The parameters
varied during the experiment were gasification temperature, equivalence ratio, the ratio of plastic to wood in the feed, and
the amount of steam added to the process. The response models obtained proved to be statistically significant in the experimental
domain. The optimum gasification conditions for maximization of carbon monoxide and hydrogen production were identified. The
conditions are: temperature 900°C, equivalence ratio 0.15, amount of plastic in the feed 0.11 g/g feed, and amount of steam
added 0.42 g/g feed. These optimum conditions are at the edge of the present experimental domain. The maximum combined CO
and H2 efficiency was 42%, and for the maximum yield of CO and H2 it is necessary to minimize the polyethylene content, minimize the added steam and the equivalence ratio, and maximize temperature. 相似文献
96.
The exposure to plastic debris and associated pollutants for wildlife is of urgent concern,but little attention has been paid on the transfer of plastic additives from plastic debris to organisms. In the present study, the leaching of incorporated flame retardants(FRs),including polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs), alternative brominated FRs(AFRs), and phosphate flame retardants(PFRs), from different sizes of recycled acrylonitrile-butadienestyrene(ABS) polymer were investigated in avian digestive fluids. The impact of co-ingested sediment on the leaching of additive-derived FRs in digestive fluids was also explored. In the recycled ABS, BDE 209(715 μg/g) and 1, 2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane(BTBPE,1766 μg/g) had the highest concentrations among all target FRs. The leaching proportions of FRs were higher in finer sizes of ABS. The leaching proportions of FRs from recycled ABS increased with elevated logK OWof FRs. In the tests with coexisted ABS and sediment, hexato deca-BDEs, BTBPE, and decabromodiphenyl ethane(DBDPE) migrated from ABS to sediment, which resulted in the less bioaccessible fractions of these FRs in gut fluids. More lipophilic chemicals tended to be adsorbed by sediment from ABS. The results suggest the migration of additive-derived FRs from plastics to other indigestible materials in digestive fluids. The findings in this study provide insights into the transfer of additive-derived FRs from plastics to birds, and indicate the significant contribution of FR-incorporated plastics to bioaccumulation of highly lipophilic FRs. 相似文献
97.
玻璃钢锚杆阻燃机理及其配方研究 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
笔者指出了玻璃钢锚杆阻燃特性对煤矿生产安全具有十分重要的意义 ,分析一般复合材料的阻燃机理即隔离膜机理、自由基捕获机理、冷却机理、协同作用机理 ,重点研究了锑 -卤协效体系的阻燃特性。并根据玻璃钢锚杆的原料的特性 ,选择了适当的阻燃剂进行了试验。发现氯化石蜡和三氧化二锑的添加比例为 1∶3的玻璃钢锚杆具有理想的阻燃特性 ,从而得出了具有良好阻燃性能玻璃钢锚杆试验室配方。 相似文献
98.
Plastic products used for packaging are often discarded after a single use resulting in an inexhaustible supply of waste polymeric materials. The stiffness and strength of polymeric materials have been known to improve with the addition of lignocellulosic fibres available in abundance in nature. Hence, composite materials containing natural fibres and waste plastics would result in the reduction of solid wastes and the use of cheap, renewable resources. Composite specimens, consisting of waste plastics obtained from a Kerbside collection (high density polyethylene (HDPE) waste, Janitorial waste, Kerbside waste I and Kerbside waste II) and Pinus radiata woodfibres (medium density fibres (MDF)), have been produced through melt blending and injection moulding. The effects of fibre content, matrix type and interfacial bonding on the tensile and flexural properties of these composite materials have been determined through extensive testing at various conditions. The mechanical properties of these composites at room temperature and humidity depend on the amount of woodfibres, the mechanical properties of the waste plastics used and the presence of a suitable coupling agent. The tensile strengths of MDF/waste plastic composites do not generally change with fibre content except for 40% MDF/HDPE waste and 40% MDF/Kerbside waste II (plus 1% Epolene™) composites, where the tensile strengths increase by about 25% compared to those of the corresponding waste plastics. Flexural strengths of MDF/waste plastic composites increase with the addition of medium density fibres with the exception of MDF/Kerbside waste I composites. The tensile and flexural moduli of MDF/waste plastic composites mostly increase with increasing fibre content. 相似文献
99.
100.