Estimation of Similarity in the Qualitative Composition of Humic Substance in Marine Sediments By Means of an Uv-Spectroscopic Library

In this paper a method for the study of the qualitative similarity of extractable humic substance (EHS) in marine sediments based on the realisation of UV spectral library of EHS is described. the spectral library was built including the digitised spectra of humic substance extracted from several marine sediments (46 samples) and two samples of standard materials (lignin sulphonate and humic substance) in a Statistica data file. the data matrix was elaborated by means of different multivariate statistic techniques such as Cluster Analysis (CA), Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and the univariate technique Spectral Correlation Analysis (SCA). This approach allows us to show the contribution of different organic compounds (aromatic, lipid and acid) to the composition of EHS and moreover it evidences also the structural characteristics of EHS in terms of similarities in the qualitative composition of samples such as presence of terrestrial and/or vegetal contributions. the UV library is an objective tool to study the qualitative composition of EHS and it represents a complementary approach to the most common methods based on the application of spectroscopic (IR, ¹³CNMR), potentiometric and chromatographic techniques.     

Characterization of fulvic acids during olive mill waste composting (Elemental,Thermal and fluorescence analyses)

Elemental analysis, fluorescence spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were applied to the study of fulvic acids isolated from different stages during olive mill waste composting. The fulvic extracted acids are characterized by a high nitrogen content and O/C ratio values that may result from the high degree of humification and the synthesis of more condensed humic complexes. This was confirmed by fluorescence spectroscopy in the synchronous-scan mode by the decrease of shoulder intensities at intermediate wavelengths indicating the increase of polycondensation and conjugation of unsaturated structures and the greater uniformity of fluorophores. Fluorescence spectra in the emission, excitation and synchronous modes became simpler with compost maturation. This was confirmed by DSC results which proved the high degree of polycondensation of aromatic nuclei of fulvic acid molecules during olive mill waste composting.     

不同类型除尘器改造为脉冲除尘器技术

介绍了除尘器改造的原则、技术和方法,并结合多个除尘器改造的工程实例,分享了不同类型除尘器改造为脉冲除尘器成功经验。经过改造的除尘器能够满足集气吸尘罩处风量的要求,减少了除尘器出口排放浓度,降低了除尘器的运行阻力。     

Application and mechanism of polysaccharide extracted from Enteromorpha to remove nano-ZnO and humic acid in coagulation process

Green source Ep was extracted from marine alga waste. The molecule model structure of Ep was studied and constructed. PAC-Ep coagulation system improves the efficiency of removal efficiency. Synergistic effects between NPs and HA make a big difference to enhance efficiency. Mechanism is charge neutralization, hydrogen bonding and adsorbing-complexing Enteromorpha polysaccharide (Ep) extracted from alga a novel green coagulant aid for nanoparticles (NPs) and heavy metal ions removal and the structure of EP was intensively studied in this study. The integration of Ep with polyaluminum chloride (PAC-Ep) coagulants exhibited higher coagulation performance than that of the polyaluminum chloride (PAC) because of the negatively charged NPs suspension and humic aid (HA) solution. Significant high removal efficiencies of dissolved organic matter (94.1%), turbidity (99.3%) and Zn ions (69.3%) were achieved by the PAC-Ep coagulants. The dual-coagulation properties of PAC-Ep for different pollutants was based on multiple mechanisms, including (i) Al³⁺ charge neutralization; (ii) hydroxy aluminum hydroxyl bridging formed polynuclearhydroxy complexes bridge and sweep colloidal particles; (iii) adsorption and bridging of Ep chain for the NPs and heavy metal ions. Results indicated that the destabilization of colloid was induced by the coexisting HA and higher removal was achieved as ions adsorption was enhance in the presence of HA complexation. On the basis of that, the extraction of polysaccharide is a promising candidate for its high coagulation performance in water treatment.     

Sensitivity analysis of North American bird population estimates

The Partners in Flight North American Landbird Conservation Plan provided estimates of population sizes for 448 landbird species using a multiplicative model. Input parameters in this calculation included the area of state × Bird Conservation Region polygons, area-specific mean Breeding Bird Survey counts circa 1995, and adjustment factors for the distance over which species may presumably be correctly counted, the assumed pairing of singing males with non-singing females, and variability in the propensity of birds to sing over the course of the survey day. I assessed the sensitivity of this population calculation to changes in the input parameters. I assessed both local and global sensitivity of the model to changes in the parameters with Monte Carlo one-at-a-time simulations and the Fourier amplitude sensitivity test (FAST). Monte Carlo simulations were an estimate of local model sensitivity whereas FAST estimated global model sensitivity, accommodating the potential shared variance between model parameters. Monte Carlo simulations suggested population estimates were 39% more sensitive to changes in the detection distance adjustment than to the other parameters; the other parameters were nearly equal in their contribution to model sensitivity. Conversely, FAST analysis determined that each of the input variables aside from the pair adjustment provided roughly equal contributions to variability in population estimates. The most efficient means for improving continental population estimates for birds surveyed by the Breeding Bird Survey will be through increased scrutiny of the species-specific distance detection and time-of-day adjustments and improved understanding in the spatial and temporal variability in the mean Breeding Bird Survey count.     

石化企业VOCs无组织排放源强的反演模拟

针对石化行业面源无组织排放VOCs难以准确定量的问题,建立了基于开路式傅里叶变换红外光谱技术(OP-FTIR)的面源污染源源强反演模型,并进行了现场模拟试验。试验结果表明,风向、风速、大气稳定度、监测距离、数据处理周期等都是影响反演模型准确性的重要灵敏度参数。以反演源强Q_P与实际排放量Q的比值(Q_P/Q)为量化指标,对各影响因素进行优化处理,确定了构建反演模型适用的边界条件。当各灵敏度参数稳定于适用边界条件之内时,Q_P/Q为0.85~0.90。     

Analytical Study of the Heat Loss Attenuation by Clothing on Thermal Manikins Under Radiative Heat Loads

For wearers of protective clothing in radiation environments there are no quantitative guidelines available for the effect of a radiative heat load on heat exchange. Under the European Union funded project ThermProtect an analytical effort was defined to address the issue of radiative heat load while wearing protective clothing. As within the ThermProtect project much information has become available from thermal manikin experiments in thermal radiation environments, these sets of experimental data are used to verify the analytical approach. The analytical approach provided a good prediction of the heat loss in the manikin experiments, 95% of the variance was explained by the model. The model has not yet been validated at high radiative heat loads and neglects some physical properties of the radiation emissivity. Still, the analytical approach provides a pragmatic approach and may be useful for practical implementation in protective clothing standards for moderate thermal radiation environments.     

高效絮凝剂制备的前期浸取研究

我国油田多采用絮凝剂处理含油污水。为得到高效、廉价的絮凝剂,使用赤泥最优化制备聚合氯化铝铁。通过化学分析法和X射线衍射分析,得出赤泥中铝﹑铁元素含量。正交实验结果表明:影响Fe溶出的因素由强到弱依次为盐酸用量系数﹑反应温度﹑目数和反应时间,最佳浸出条件为目数80～120、液固比5.5、反应温度95℃、反应时间3.5h。     

氯化对二级处理出水中溶解性有机物结构的影响

以哈尔滨市W污水处理厂污水为研究对象,利用XAD树脂对二级处理出水中的溶解性有机物(DOM)进行分级分离.按照DOM在不同树脂上的吸附特性将其分为5个部分:疏水性有机酸(HPO-A)、疏水性中性有机物(HPO-N)、过渡亲水性有机酸(TPI-A)、过渡亲水性中性有机物(TPI-N)和亲水性有机物(HPI).考察了二级处理出水中有机组分的组成分布、三卤甲烷生成势、紫外光谱和红外光谱.结果表明,二级处理出水中的主要成分是HPO-A和HPI,两者含量之和达70.8%.HPO-A是加氯消毒时产生三卤甲烷的主要有机组分,其三卤甲烷生成活性(STHMFP)为232.9μg/mg.而HPO-N、TPI-A、TPI-N和HPI的STHMFP介于100～125μg/mg之间.氯化反应后,HPO-A、HPO-N、TPI-A和HPI的紫外-可见吸光度均降低,而TPI-N则相反.并且HPO-A、HPO-N、TPI-A和TPI-N中的O-H、C=C和苯环的含量降低,而C-O的含量升高,还生成了C=O和C-Cl.     

Characterization of humic acids extracted from the sediments of the various rivers and lakes in China

The humic acids (HAs) isolated from the sediments of the various rivers,lakes,and reservoirs in China were studied using elemental analyzer,fourier transform infrared (FT-IR),and CP/MAS 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.The results showed that the HAs were characterized by some common chemical and physicochemical properties,but they also pose some differences in the C-containing functional groups.The C/N,C/H,O/C,and O/H ratios differ widely for the various HAs,showing that the elemental comp...