基于小波变换的武汉市PM2.5、PM10与臭氧污染特征

为验证城市空气污染物排放及协同控制后的周期性规律,利用小波变换对武汉市2013～2020年共计2421d的逐日PM_2.5、PM₁₀及臭氧浓度数据进行分析.结果表明:可吸入颗粒物污染情况逐年改善,PM_2.5浓度年均值由80.5μg/m³降至45.3μg/m³,超标比例由44%降至11%;PM₁₀浓度年均值由113.6μg/m³降至72.6μg/m³,超标比例由22%降至2%.臭氧污染未有明显改善,浓度年均值在90～100μg/m³间波动.PM_2.5、PM₁₀与臭氧浓度均表现出明显的周期性,PM_2.5浓度主周期300d、次周期140d左右;PM₁₀浓度主周期300d、次周期125d左右;臭氧浓度主周期300d、次周期143d左右.PM_2.5与PM₁₀的周期与位相均相...     

基于多通道原位红外光谱技术的环氧涂层恒温固化反应研究

目的 拓展多通道原位红外光谱技术的应用,探究环氧树脂在固化行为中的分子结构变化以及不同固化深度下的动力学参数与恒温固化模型。方法 采用多通道原位红外光谱的表征方法,对N,N,O-三缩水甘油基对氨基苯酚(环氧树脂AFG-90)与甲基纳迪克酸酐(MNA)的环氧涂层的固化过程进行30、40、50、60、70 ℃等5个温度下的原位红外光谱监测,基于特征官能团吸光度的变化,研究恒温固化模型。结果 通过特征官能团吸光度与温度、时间的关系,计算得出AFG-90与MNA的环氧树脂固化体系在不同温度下的固化模型、达到不同固化度下的固化时间,求解得在不同固化深度下的活化能Ea主要在58~74 kJ/mol变化,且其均值为69.43 kJ/mol。结论 获得了AFG-90与MNA的环氧树脂固化体系在固化过程中动力学参数和模型,同时试验结果表明,多通道原位红外光谱技术是研究高分子材料固化反应动力学的有效表征方法。     

铁铈氧化物对土壤As (Ⅴ)和P的稳定化效果

本文以铁铈氧化物(Fe-Ce,FC)为研究对象,评估其对中国3种典型砷(As)污染土壤的稳定化修复效果,并通过电子扫描显微镜能散X线分析仪(SEM-EDS)和X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)等光谱学技术探索FC对As(Ⅴ)的微观吸附特征.结果表明,FC能使土壤毒性浸出As含量显著降低84. 1%～98. 3%,且在碱性土壤中表现出较强的高p H适应性,能显著增加吸附态As(F1+F2)向水合铁铝氧化物结合态(F3+F4)的稳定化. FC能使不同类型土壤的有效态P含量显著下降47. 13%～60. 32%,不仅能缓解P竞争土壤As(Ⅴ)吸附位点,而且能有效预防周边水体的面源污染.通过SEM-EDS和XPS分析,发现As(Ⅴ)吸附产物表面均检测到Fe、Ce和As这3种元素,且As主要吸附于Fe原子表面. FC在我国土壤砷污染稳定化修复领域具有较好地应用前景.     

秸秆生物质炭DOM光谱特征及其与Cu2+的相互作用

通过荧光猝灭滴定法探究玉米秸秆炭（MSB）、水稻秸秆炭（RSB）和花生秸秆炭（PSB）中DOM的光谱特征及其与Cu²⁺的络合机理.结果表明：三种生物质炭的DOM均具有较高的亲水性和较低的芳香性,其中RSB-DOM的芳香性相对较强、分子量较大,但DOM含量低,PSB-DOM含量最高,芳香结构中含氧官能团较多.MSB和RSB-DOM中均含类富里酸组分C1和类腐殖酸组分C3、C4,RSB-DOM中还有类色氨酸组分C5,PSB-DOM则由两种类富里酸组分C1、C2和较长波长类腐殖酸组分C4组成,3种DOM均以类富里酸组分为主,占比达54.93%~86.29%.Cu²⁺与类腐殖酸组分的稳定常数（logK_M）高于类富里酸组分,且类腐殖酸组分C4的络合能力（f）最强,类腐殖酸组分的logK_M和f值总体上表现为：PSB-DOM> MSB-DOM>RSB-DOM.二维相关光谱分析发现,类富里酸组分对Cu²⁺最敏感,而Cu²⁺优先与类腐殖酸组分结合.研究结果有助于进一步揭示生物质炭的DOM对Cu²⁺环境行为的影响机制.     

Decoupling the adsorption mechanisms of arsenate at molecular level on modified cube-shaped sponge loaded superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles

In this study, a commercial cube-shaped open-celled cellulose sponge adsorbent was modified by in-situ co-precipitation of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) and used to remove As(V) from aqueous solutions. Fe K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and TEM identified maghemite as the main iron phase of the SPION nanoparticles with an average size 13 nm. Batch adsorption experiments at 800 mg/L showed a 63% increase of adsorption capacity when loading 2.6 wt.% mass fraction of SPION in the cube-sponge. Experimental determination of the adsorption thermodynamic parameters indicated that the As(V) adsorption on the composite material is a spontaneous and exothermic process. As K-edge XAS results confirmed that the adsorption enhancement on the composite can be attributed to the nanoparticles loaded. In addition, adsorbed As(V) did not get reduced to more toxic As(III) and formed a binuclear corner-sharing complex with SPION. The advantageous cube-shape of the sponge-loaded SPION composite together with its high affinity and good adsorption capacity for As(V), good regeneration capability and the enhanced-diffusion attributed to its open-celled structure make this adsorbent a good candidate for industrial applications.     

狐尾藻在不同营养底泥腐解过程中胡敏酸的变化

采用平行因子分析方法,结合紫外吸收光谱、三维荧光光谱以及傅里叶变换红外光谱技术,研究了沉水植物狐尾藻在低、中、高营养底泥腐解过程中胡敏酸（HA）的变化,进一步揭示了不同营养底泥对沉水植物腐解的影响机制.结果表明,底泥营养水平越高,狐尾藻腐解得越快（P<0.05）,释放出更多的溶解性有机碳（DOC）、溶解性总氮（DTN）、溶解性总磷（DTP）和腐殖质;底泥营养程度与HA的疏水性、分子复杂性、分子量大小呈正相关（P<0.05）;荧光鉴别出不同营养底泥HA都含有1种类蛋白质组分C2和2种类富里酸组分C1、C3,且类富里酸组分和类蛋白质组分在不同腐解条件下具有相似的组分特征;不同营养底泥不同时间提取的HA红外图谱较为相似,表明不同腐解条件不同时间提取的HA含有相似的官能团,狐尾藻腐烂高营养底泥组提取的HA含有更多的芳香性物质和有机磷.采用光谱分析法对狐尾藻腐烂分解HA成分的化学结构特征进行系统的研究,可深入了解不同营养底泥对沉水植物腐解的影响机制,为湖泊水环境生态治理和修复提供理论参考.     

高速列车隧道会车流场的CFD分离涡数值模拟

目的研究高速列车隧道会车压力波及列车尾流特性。方法建立某型高速列车三节车模型,采用脱体涡方法数值模拟两列车以350km/h在隧道内等速会车的流场。数值模拟的空间离散化压力项、密度项及修正的湍流黏度项使用二阶迎风格式,动量项使用有界中心差分格式,时间离散采用预处理二阶精度差分格式,用壁面函数处理隧道壁,使用雷诺时均法作方法对比。计算列车车头、侧墙及尾车等部位的压力时间历程,然后使用傅里叶变换对尾车测点进行频谱分析,最后对尾流中不同位置的湍流强度进行分析。结果头车所受压力波动最为剧烈,中间车次之,尾车最小。列车侧墙同一垂向位置不同高度压力变化相差不大。列车尾涡主频在3.85Hz附近,其可能对列车横向振动有一定的影响。结论尾涡是两个不断向后发展的中等强度涡旋,在充分发展段,其湍流强度会有一个较为明显的抬升,之后逐渐减弱。会车侧涡流由于横向发展较为迅速,导致其强度较小且减弱速度较快。     

Raman spectroscopy of diesel and gasoline engine-out soot using different laser power

We studied engine-out soot samples collected from a heavy-duty direct-injection diesel engine and port-fuel injection gasoline spark-ignition engine. The two types of soot samples were characterized using Raman spectroscopy with different laser powers. A Matlab program using least-square-method with trust-region-reflective algorithm was developed for curve fitting. A DOE (design of experiments) method was used to avoid local convergence. The method was used for two-band fitting and three-band fitting. The fitting results were used to determine the intensity ratio of D (for “Defect” or “Disorder”) and G (for “Graphite”) Raman bands. It is found that high laser power may cause oxidation of soot sample, which gives higher D/G intensity ratio. Diesel soot has consistently higher amorphous/graphitic carbon ratio, and thus higher oxidation reactivity, compared to gasoline soot, which is reflected by the higher D/G intensity ratio in Raman spectra measured under the same laser power.     

泥沙沉降对水体中溶解性有机物光谱学特性的影响

以沈阳市新开河为研究对象,考察了泥沙沉降过程中,沉降时间、泥沙含量、pH、盐度对水体中溶解性有机物(DOM)的含量和光谱学特性的影响.结果表明,泥沙沉降条件下,水体中DOC随泥沙沉降时间的增长而先增大后减小,随泥沙含量的增加而先减小后增大,随pH的增大而增大,随盐度的增大而减小.随着pH的增大,水体中DOM的芳香性增强;随着盐度的增大,水体中DOM的芳香性降低.随着泥沙沉降时间的增长,DOM中各类荧光物质的含量先增加后减少;随着泥沙含量的增加,DOM中类腐殖酸和类富里酸荧光物质的含量增加,而类溶解性微生物代谢产物荧光物质和类芳香族蛋白质荧光物质的含量降低.在泥沙沉降过程中,下层水体中DOC、在波长为254 nm处的紫外吸光度(UV-254),以及DOM中荧光物质含量的变化量高于上层水体.     

Selective elimination of chromophoric and fluorescent dissolved organic matter in a full-scale municipal wastewater treatment plant

Effluent organic matter (EfOM) from municipal wastewater treatment plants potentially has a detrimental effect on both aquatic organisms and humans. This study evaluated the removal and transformation of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) and fluorescent dissolved organic matter (FDOM) in a full-scale wastewater treatment plant under different seasons. The results showed that bio-treatment was found to be more efficient in removing bulk DOM (in terms of dissolved organic carbon, DOC) than CDOM and FDOM, which was contrary to the disinfection process. CDOM and FDOM were selectively removed at various stages during the treatment. Typically, the low molecular weight (MW) fractions of CDOM and protein-like FDOM were more efficiently removed during bio-treatment process, whereas the humic-like FDOM exhibited comparable decreases in both bio-treatment and disinfection processes. Overall, the performance of the WWTP was weak in terms of CDOM and FDOM removal, resulting in enrichment of CDOM and FDOM in effluent. Moreover, the total removal of the bulk DOM (P < 0.05) and the protein-like FDOM (P < 0.05) displayed a significant seasonal variation, with higher removal efficiencies in summer, whereas removal of CDOM and the humic-like FDOM showed little differences between summer and winter. In all, the results provide useful information for understanding the fate and transformation of DOM, illustrating that sub-fractions of DOM could be selectively removed depending on treatment processes and seasonality.