引黄对受水河段沉积物微生物群落的影响

人类活动可明显降低地表水体水环境质量,同时对水生态系统产生深刻的影响.本文基于16S rRNA高通量测序技术,研究了引黄调水对汾河受水河段沉积物微生物群落组成、结构和多样性的影响,探讨了引水对沉积物中微生物群落的影响机制.结果表明,黄河水的引入使汇入口处沉积物中微生物群落多样性水平升高,并带来新微生物物种硫杆菌属、厌氧绳菌属和亚硝化单胞菌属,新增菌种不仅在下游逐渐适应环境,而且通过上溯扩张使汇入口上游河段沉积物微生物群落发生改变.引黄间歇期受水河段沉积物微生物群落逐渐恢复,优势菌转化为芽孢杆菌,乳球菌的丰度相应增加,硫杆菌属消失.丛毛单胞菌在汾河受水河段沉积物环境中较为稳定,而硫杆菌、芽孢杆菌和乳球菌容易受到引黄的影响,其主要环境影响因素为水体矿物质含量及沉积物有机质、全氮、碱解氮和全钾.间歇期支流汇入使芽孢杆菌退化,丧失绝对优势地位,而蓝藻大量繁殖成为优势种.引黄期支流汇入后,硫杆菌属和厌氧绳菌属分别成为汇入点下游的优势菌和亚优势菌.     

丰水期渤海湾水体中DOM的分布特征及来源

为了解丰水期渤海湾水体中污染物的来源,采用三维荧光光谱和紫外光谱,结合平行分子模型和相关性分析研究了渤海湾水体中DOM（溶解性有机质）的分布特征和来源,以期间接了解其他污染物的来源.结果表明：渤海湾水体DOM对荧光强度贡献率表现为近岸海域高,而远离海岸的海域低.DOM荧光光谱主要有高激发光色氨酸（S峰）、低激发光色氨酸（T峰）、类腐殖酸（A峰）和类富里酸（C峰）这四类荧光峰,类蛋白类荧光峰（S峰和T峰）在研究海域北部荧光强度贡献率较高,类腐殖质类（A峰和C峰）呈现近海岸高、远离海岸低的特征;渤海湾和入海河流荧光指数（FI）均在1.4左右,说明类腐殖质主要受到外源影响,大部分显示出强腐殖质化特征（HIX >3.0）,只有子研究区北部区域由于藻类暴发显示出强自生源特征（BIX >1.0）.紫外特征吸收波长结果显示渤海湾近岸海域类富里酸和类腐殖酸对紫外吸收系数的贡献率（20.18±4.04）%显著低于入海河流中的类富里酸和类腐殖酸贡献率（26.43±3.85）%,可能是由于入海河流输入DOM受到了海水盐度作用,高盐度海水会使DOM产生絮凝作用,随着悬浮物汇入海底沉积物中,使DOM中类富里酸和类腐殖酸对紫外吸收系数的贡献率降低.整体上渤海湾水体中DOM在丰水期受到外源河流输入影响较为显著,应加强对外源输入河流污染物的控制和管理.     

温度、酸碱度和盐离子浓度对curcin紫外光谱和荧光光谱的影响

将麻疯树核糖体失活蛋白curcin在不同温度、酸碱度和Na Cl浓度下进行孵育,测定其紫外光谱和荧光光谱的变化,对影响其结构稳定性的因素进行初步探究。研究结果显示,curcin对温度和p H变化相对敏感。当温度上升到70℃后,紫外吸收明显增加,在348nm时新增一个明显的荧光激发峰。极端p H值对curcin结构影响同样较大,特别是当p H值为11时,在348nm处新增荧光激发峰。上述现象表明,温度和酸碱度的改变可能导致curcin中含色氨酸的疏水核心结构出现暴露在外的变性过程。Curcin对上述两个因素的敏感性提示其稳定性还有待提高,才能满足蛋白质药物开发的需求。     

傅里叶红外光谱分析在环境试验中的应用

本文简要介绍了傅里叶红外光谱仪的原理和构造，综述了傅里叶红外光谱分析在环境试验中的应用以及分析、研究方法和技术。     

防弹衣舒适性能改善设计

本文通过对防弹衣的改进研究,探讨了利用经编间隔织物对防弹装备舒适性提高的可行性。用经编间隔织物代替传统防弹衣里料（平纹机织布）,并制成成衣。通过红外热成像仪分别测试以经编间隔织物为里料的防弹衣的热湿传导性、透气散热性来探讨经编间隔织物对防弹衣的舒适性能的影响。实验结果表明：在相同测试条件下,以经编间隔织物为里料的防弹衣的热湿传导性能良好,透气散热性优于传统防弹衣1℃左右。因此经编间隔织物对提高防弹衣的舒适性能具有推动作用。本课题的研究意义在于为警用防弹衣的舒适性能提供理论参考,为警察或军队的作战能力提高做出更大的贡献。     

资源的优势陷阱和资源型经济转型的途径

本文以资源优势陷阱效应以及资源型经济转型模式为研究主题。首先讨论了资源型产业的经济学特征，剖析了资源型区域的经济症结及区域发展隐患，揭示了资源优势的陷阱效应和资源型经济的本质，接着，重点研究了竞争优势生成模式，产业结构代谢模式和企业转型嬗变模式。     

不同红外分光法对水中污染油分析的研究

采用两种不同的红外光度法(分散红外分光光度法和非分散红外光度法)对不同组成的矿物油进行了比较测定,结果表明:当矿物油中的芳烃含量与“标准油”中芳烃含量相近时,两种方法分析结果基本一致;当矿物油中芳烃含量较高时,非分散红外光度法测定结果明显偏低;当样品中芳香烃含量与“标准油”中的芳香烃含量相差较大时,采用分散红外光度法,可以获得更准确、可靠的结果。研究结果还表明,随着测试样品中芳烃含量的增加(>50%),分散红外光度法也会出现较大的偏差。     

Removal and recycling of copper from aqueous solutions using treated Indian barks

Removal of copper from aqueous solutions containing 100–1000 ppm, using different Indian bark species, was performed on laboratory scale. The percentage removal of metal ions depends on the solution pH, bark species and time. The efficiency of copper removal by the used raw barks increases with a rise of solution pH and reaches a maximum of about 65–78% around pH 4–5. However, the decontaminated aqueous solutions were colored due to the dissolution of soluble organic compounds contained in the raw bark. This increases the biological and chemical oxygen demand (BOD and COD) of the solutions as well as the total organic carbon content (TOC). For this reason, raw bark should be treated either by chemical or biological means. Such treatment will allow the extraction of the soluble organic compounds and increase the chelating capacity and efficiency of the treated bark. Depending on the pH value, the chelating efficiency of treated barks is about 1.2–2.2 times that of the raw ones. Moreover, the retention capacity of the Indian treated bark varies from about 42–51 mg/g of dry bark. It is equal to or higher than that of common European species. About 1.8 mols of H₃O⁺ are released, by the treated barks, for every mol of chelated copper ions. Moreover, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations show uniform distribution of metal ions throughout the copper saturated bark. Infra red (IR) spectra suggest that the copper ions are chelated to hydroxyl and/or carboxyl functional groups of organic compounds contained in the treated bark. It seems that the interaction of the copper ions with the bark follows a cation exchange mechanism. This hypothesis is supported by elution experiments that allow recovery of about 99% of the contained copper. The retention capacity of the treated bark is almost constant after five cycles of chelation–elution, suggesting that the ‘life time cycle' is sufficiently long for continuous industrial application. The spent copper loaded barks can either be incinerated or pyrolysed. It generates solids containing either ≈80% of CuO or ≈14% of Cu°, respectively. Such materials can be used either in the secondary or primary copper production, thus offering a friendly environmental solution of effluents' treatment. The suggested process can be used as an alternative to the classical technologies for effluent decontamination. It is also efficient for polishing effluents treated by other methods.     

57Fe Mssbauer spectroscopic study on the barks of several three species grown in Lanzhou,China

Using ⁵⁷Fe Mssbauer effect, the chemical states of iron components were investigated for the barks of Platycladus orientalis, Cedrus deodara and Platanus acerifolia sampled from Lanzhou City, China. All bark samples showed two overlapping doublets with large and small quadruple splitting. Only Platycladus orientalis's barks exhibited one sextet. Based on Mssbauer parameters, they were attributed to paramagnetic ferrous, paramagnetic ferric and magnetic iron, respectively. For the sampling site which is about 6 kilometers from Lanzhou Steel Factory, the ratio of ferrous to ferric was higher in the sample of Platanus acerifolia's barks, whereas the barks of Platycladus orientalis and Cedrus deodara gave similar values of this ratio. Platycladus orientalis was the most effective in accumulating iron complexes in barks among the three trees. Platanus acerifolia's barks sampled at Lanzhou Steel Factory's area exhibited higher absolute intensities of iron components and lower ration of ferrous to ferric, indicating that industrial air pollution is a contributing factor in accumulating iron compounds in the tree barks of this region.     

大气氢氧自由基测量技术研究进展

大气氢氧自由基在对流层大气化学中占有重要地位，但由于其浓度极低而活性极高，所以至今没有合适的测量方法。文章通过总结２０多年来大气氢氧自由基测量技术研究的成果，分析讨论了大气氢氧自由基浓度测量的研究现状和发展趋势。