磁混凝工艺处理市政废水中的污染物去除特征研究

本研究对2个磁混凝站点进行了水质分析与溶解性有机物（DOM）的系统表征，考察了市政废水在磁混凝过程中的污染物去除效果与DOM去除特征，分析了强化磁混凝过程关键作用.研究发现：磁混凝可显著去除浊度、悬浮态有机物和磷，2个站点TCOD和TP去除率分别为52.53%/76.78%和64.41%/81.59%.市政废水DOM组成复杂，内源性DOM占比较高，两个站点DOM种类相似，但B站点进水有机物含量略少，且芳香类DOM占比较低.磁混凝对DOM具有显著的去除效果，主要去除高腐殖化程度、芳香性、聚合度、疏水性的大分子有机物，络氨酸类蛋白是主要的去除物质.B站点强化药剂的投加显著提升DOM和氨氮的去除效果，TOC和氨氮的去除率可达40.01%和36.08%，同时磷和TCOD的混凝效果也得到一定强化.本研究揭示了磁混凝过程污染物去除特征，促进了磁混凝过程的理解，为磁混凝在水处理中的推广应用提供了有效支撑.     

河口区溶解有机物三维荧光光谱的平行因子分析及其示踪特性

利用激发发射矩阵荧光光谱(EEMs)并结合平行因子分析(PARAFAC),研究了九龙江口有色溶解有机物(CDOM)的荧光组分特征及其河口动力学行为,并探讨其作为河口区有机污染示踪指标的可行性.利用PARAFAC模型识别出九龙江口CDOM由2类4个荧光组分组成,即类腐殖质荧光组分C1(240,310/382nm)、C2(230,250,340/422nm)、C4(260,390/482nm)及类蛋白质荧光组分C3(225,275/342nm).模型结果表明,传统寻峰法指认的短波类腐殖质A峰区域(240～290/380～480nm)实际上并非一个单独的荧光峰,而是若干荧光组分的组合,并且它与传统上指认的长波区海源类腐殖质M峰、陆源类腐殖质C峰之间存在内在联系.包含M峰的C1组分在河口区随盐度增加呈稀释降低趋势,表明M峰并不能被认为是海洋来源的专有特征峰.类腐殖质组分C1和C2在盐度6的河口最大浑浊带区表现出一定的添加行为,之后在河口混合过程中呈保守行为,而类腐殖质荧光组分C4则在整个河口混合过程中都呈保守行为.类蛋白质荧光组分C3在河口混合过程中呈不保守行为,并且在总荧光组分中所占比例在高盐度区呈上升趋势.EEM-PARAFAC不仅可示踪九龙江不同支流DOM的特征,并且还可很好地示踪九龙江口的有机污染程度.     

基于表面增强拉曼光谱技术的饮用水中痕量恩诺沙星和环丙沙星快速检测

近年来,抗生素的滥用引发抗生素抗性基因在环境中的传播和扩散,对生态系统与人类健康构成潜在威胁,特别是饮用水中抗生素污染事件的相关报道引发社会极大关注.因此,如何实现应急公共卫生事件中的痕量抗生素快检成为研究热点.基于表面增强拉曼光谱（SERS）技术,并结合磁性固相萃取（MSPE）样品前处理方法,构建了饮用水水样中ng ·L^-1水平喹诺酮类抗生素的快速检测方法.借助于磁性氧化石墨烯复合纳米材料（Fe₃ O₄@SiO₂-GO）的高吸附容量所提供的高富集能力,成功实现了饮用水中1.0 ng ·L^-1恩诺沙星（ENR）和5.0 ng ·L^-1环丙沙星（CIP）的加标检出,回收率在77.5%~91.5%之间,满足当前饮用水水质检测的要求.对于有机基质复杂的湖水等环境水样,萃取材料的选择性尚有待于进一步提升.     

激光诱导击穿光谱技术在环境领域中的应用动态

激光诱导击穿光谱技术是一种通过分析物质等离子体发射光谱而获取物质成分和含量的分析技术。近些年,该技术已经成为光谱学领域的研究热点且发展迅速,涌现出多种新的检测手段和仪器。从它的基本原理、发展历史及其在土壤、水和大气等生态环境保护领域的应用情况为基础,分析总结其优点以及所面临的问题和挑战。     

膜生物反应器污泥内源消化及SMP变化

膜生物反应器（MBR）中高污泥浓度和低F/M会导致部分微生物长期处于贫营养状态下,因此采用污泥内源消化试验模拟MBR中实际存在的贫营养现象。比较了好氧消化（AD）和好氧/缺氧消化（A/A/D）2种模式对于A²O+MBR工艺剩余污泥的内源消化效果及SMP的变化。研究结果表明,常温条件下A/A/D 20 d MLVSS的去除率可达到50%,AD为42%,缺氧段的引入促进了有机物和营养物质等的释放和去除,SMP浓度均呈现出显著降低而后缓慢增长并趋于稳定的趋势。EEM光谱分析表明,SMP中不同的荧光物质在内源消化过程中呈现出不同的变化规律。GPC分析认为,内源消化过程中SMP的分子量范围逐渐扩大,小分子量有机物呈增长趋势,A/A/D对SMP的降解比AD更为有效。     

Analysis of Wind-Induced Thermocline Oscillations of Lake Tanganyika

An analysis is presented of the wind-induced thermocline oscillations of Lake Tanganyika, East Africa. The region undergoes a four month dry season and the wet season for the rest of the year. The dry season is characterised by nearly constant high southeasterly winds, while for the rest of the year mild wind blows generally from the northeast. Observations show that the dry season high winds cause tilting of the thermocline, being higher/lower than normal at the southern/northern ends of the lake. The thermocline tries to restabilise itself after the cessation of dry season winds and oscillates for the rest of the year. A non-linear reduced-gravity model is used to study the thermocline oscillations of the lake. The numerical simulations satisfactorily represent the oscillations, their period and amplitude. Different forcing conditions (thermocline depth, wind stress and stability) are used in the model and their effect on the period and amplitude of the oscillations are studied. The amplitude of oscillations ranges from 15 to 45 m, while their period varies from 3 to 4 weeks according to the variation in the model parameters. Wavelet transform is used to study the evolution of periods of oscillations with depth in the time series of observations and along the length of the lake using model simulations. Wavelet spectra presents several dominant modes including the semidiurnal, diurnal, synoptic, intraseasonal variability, besides the modes representing the wind-induced thermocline oscillations.     

Characterization of binding site heterogeneity for copper within dissolved organic matter fractions using two-dimensional correlation fluorescence spectroscopy

The heterogeneity of copper binding characteristics for dissolved organic matter (DOM) fractions was investigated based on the fluorescence quenching of the synchronous fluorescence spectra upon the addition of copper and two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2D-COS). Hydrophobic acid (HoA) and hydrophilic (Hi) fractions of two different DOM (algal and leaf litter DOM) were used for this study. For both DOM, fluorescence quenching occurred at a wider range of wavelengths for the HoA fractions compared to the Hi fractions. The combined information of the synchronous and asynchronous maps derived from 2D-COS provided a clear picture of the heterogeneous distribution of the copper binding sites within each DOM fraction, which was not readily recognized by a simple comparison of the changes in the synchronous fluorescence spectra upon the addition of copper. For the algal DOM, higher stability constants were exhibited for the HoA versus the Hi fractions. The logarithms of the stability constants ranged from 4.8 to 6.1 and from 4.5 to 5.0 for the HoA and the Hi fractions of the algal DOM, respectively, depending on the associated wavelength and the fitted models. In contrast, no distinctive difference in the binding characteristics was found between the two fractions of the leaf litter DOM. This suggests that influences of the structural and chemical properties of DOM on copper binding may differ for DOM from different sources. The relative difference of the calculated stability constants within the DOM fractions were consistent with the sequential orders interpreted from the asynchronous 2D-COS. It is expected that 2D-COS will be widely applied to other DOM studies requiring detailed information on the heterogeneous nature and subsequent effects under a range of environmental conditions.     

红外光度法测定水中矿物油的技术和应用

系统讨论了红外光度法测定水中矿物油的原理、技术特性及应用中的种种技术问题,着重探讨了多基团带权重累加法定量原理,并推导了三波长红外光谱法测油数学模型.     

超细Ce0.5Zr0.5O2的制备及其催化甲烷燃烧性能研究

以共沉淀法制备Ｃｅ－Ｚｒ－Ｏ固溶体,在液相反应阶段、干燥阶段和灼烧阶段分别采取快速喷射和加入表面活性剂、正丁醇共沸蒸脱水以及选择适当灼烧温度等手段控制团聚体的生成,制得超细颗粒Ｃｅ０．５Ｚｒ０．５Ｏ２固溶体。     

聚硅氯化铝(PASC)混凝剂的颗粒大小及分子量分布

采用共聚与复合两种制备工艺,研制出碱化度（B） 为2.0 的具有不同 Al/Si 摩尔比的聚硅氯化铝（ 简称 PASC） 混凝剂．一种方法是将 NaCl加入到不同 Al/Si摩尔比的 AlCl₃6H₂O和聚硅酸混合液中;另一种方法是按一定的Al/Si 摩尔比将聚硅酸加入到聚合氯化铝液中．应用光子相关光谱（PCS） 和超滤膜过滤方法对 PASC 及聚合氯化铝（PAC） 的颗粒大小及分子量分布进行对比测定．结果表明,在PASC中,由于聚硅酸与铝水解聚合产物间的相互作用,生成了聚集体更大的聚合物,显著提高了聚集体的粒径,这种提高以共聚法最为明显; Al/Si摩尔比影响PASC的聚集度,Al/Si摩尔比越小, PASC 的聚集度就越大．