Urban Mining: Quality and quantity of recyclable and recoverable material mechanically and physically extractable from residual waste

The mechanically sorted dry fraction (MSDF) and Fines (<20 mm) arising from the mechanical biological treatment of residual municipal solid waste (RMSW) contains respectively about 11% w/w each of recyclable and recoverable materials. Processing a large sample of MSDF in an existing full-scale mechanical sorting facility equipped with near infrared and 2-3 dimensional selectors led to the extraction of about 6% w/w of recyclables with respect to the RMSW weight. Maximum selection efficiency was achieved for metals, about 98% w/w, whereas it was lower for Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE), about 2% w/w. After a simulated lab scale soil washing treatment it was possible to extract about 2% w/w of inert exploitable substances recoverable as construction materials, with respect to the amount of RMSW. The passing curve showed that inert materials were mainly sand with a particle size ranging from 0.063 to 2 mm. Leaching tests showed quite low heavy metal concentrations with the exception of the particles retained by the 0.5 mm sieve. A minimum pollutant concentration was in the leachate from the 10 and 20 mm particle size fractions.     

EDS analysis of Portland ash cement degradation in an aggressive environment

The behaviour of Portland cement with and without 30% fly ash addition in aggressive solutions was studied. This paper considers the sulphate corrosion of the hardened cement paste. The cement paste test samples were prepared, cured in water for 21 day and then exposed to the influence of aggressive environment (10% (NH₄SO₄ solution). The measurements of several properties were carried out and the results were analyzed.

The image of the surface composition and morphology of the cement paste test samples was made by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Concentration gradient of sulphate ions in cement paste depth was obtained by energy‐dispersive analysis (EDS).     

Effect of natural organic matter and green microalga on carboxyl-polyethylene glycol coated CdSe/ZnS quantum dots stability and transformations under freshwater conditions

The influence of pH, ionic strength, presence of humic or alginic acids, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), or freshwater microalga Chlorella kesslerii on the stability and transformation of carboxyl-PEG-CdSe/ZnS core/shell quantum dots (QDs) in terms of number, hydrodynamic size and fluorescence of individual particles, was studied by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. Obtained results demonstrated that QDs form stable dispersions at nanomolar concentrations under conditions typical for freshwaters. The presence of 5 or 15 mg C L⁻¹ of humic acid or 50 mg C L⁻¹ EPS did not significantly affect these parameters. In contrast, 5 or 50 mg C L⁻¹ alginate at ionic strength of 10 mM shifted the hydrodynamic radius toward larger values, suggesting a possible capture of QDs by the linear alginate chains. The addition of microalga to the QD dispersions resulted in a slight reduction of the number of QDs and a significant decline in the fluorescence of individual QDs.     

红外热像仪在电子设备热设计检查中的应用

在电子设备的研制和设计阶段,热测试与分析是热设计中的重要环节。本文阐述了利用红外热像仪对电子设备关键部位进行热测试,检测电子设备内部温度分布情况,并与设计目标进行比较与纠正,从而达到热设计的最终目的。     

Assessment of Pollution Near Landfill Site in Nagpur, India by Resistivity Imaging and GPR

Groundwater pollution in the vicinity of a landfill site in Nagpur, India is assessed with the help of resistivity imaging and GPR tools. The resistivity imaging survey indicates high conductive anomalies in the topsoil as well as the underlying fractured rocks. Significant reflections from the GPR records known as radargrams are extracted with the help of maximum peak module and Hilbert transform module in RADAN 6. These reflections can be attributed to presence of fractures, which are potential pathways for migration of the fluid. The geophysical findings are strengthened by the results of groundwater analysis from wells located close to the profile where resistivity and GPR survey have been carried out. The study has indicated the vulnerability of the unconfined aquifer underlying the predominantly clay layer.     

Determination of heavy metal pollution with environmental physicochemical parameters in waste water of Kocabas Stream (Biga, Canakkale, Turkey) by ICP-AES

Waste water pollution of industrial areas can answer for the serious consequences of one of the most important environmental threats to the future. In this study, inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry method (ICP-AES) is proposed to determine heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Cd, Cr, Zn, Al, Fe, Ni, Co, Mn) and major elements (Ca, Mg) in waste water of Kocabas Stream. The concentration of metals in the waste water samples taken from 9 different stations (St.) in Biga-Kocabas Stream in November 2004 (autumn period) were determined after simple pretreatment of samples by the proposed ICP-AES method. An analysis of a given sample is completed in about 15 min for ICP-AES the method. The results of heavy metals concentrations in waste water were found between 0.00001–77.69610 mg l⁻¹ by the ICP-AES technique. The concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Cr, Al, Fe, Mn, Ni, Co, Mg and Ca 0.00001 (St.3,6,7) – 0.0087 mg l⁻¹ (St.9), 0.00001 (St.4-7) – 0.0020 mg l⁻¹ (St.8), 0.00001 (St.1,3-7,9) – 0.0041 mg l⁻¹ (St.2), 0.0620 (St.2) – 0.2080 mg l⁻¹ (St.3), 0.0082 (St.6) – 0.2290 mg l⁻¹ (St.8), 0.3580 (St.2) – 1.7400 mg l⁻¹ (St.3), 0.2240 (St.1) – 0.6790 mg l⁻¹ (St.3), 0.0080 (St.1) – 1.5840 mg l⁻¹ (St.3), 0.0170 (St.3) – 0.0640 mg l⁻¹ (St.2), 0.0010 (St.1,4,5,8) – 0.0080 mg l⁻¹ (St.3), 5.0640 (St.9) – 5.2140 mg l⁻¹ (St.1) and 43.3600 (St.2) – 77.6961 mg l⁻¹ (St.9), respectively. Also we measured environmental physicochemical parameters such as temperature, salinity, specific conductivity, total dissolved solid (TDS), pH, oxidation and reduction potential (ORP), and dissolved oxygen (DO) in the waste water at sampling stations.     

Biomonitoring of Environmental Pollution Using Dielectric Properties of Tree Leaves

In the present work, dielectric measurements were performed in plane-tree leaves collected from a polluted urban site and a natural unpolluted one, in order to investigate the sensitivity of dielectric relaxation spectroscopy to the detection of heavy metals pollution. Although heavy metal concentrations at the urban site are not found considerable higher than those at the natural site, the two samples exhibit different features in the recorded dielectric spectra. Evaluation of experimental data suggests that the dielectric modulus (M*(ω)) representation is the most suitable for accenting the different dielectric relaxation processes of each sample. The imaginary part of dielectric modulus M″(ω) was fitted using a three-term Havriliak–Negami relaxation function, with fitting parameters, which depend on the concentrations of heavy metals. The lower frequency relaxation process is attributed to the ionic conductivity of the samples, while the two others are due to different charge transport mechanisms of α-response. The investigation of plane-tree leaves in terms of their dielectric properties can be considered as a promising biomonitoring for environmental pollution.     

Measurement Of Nutrients In Green House Soil With Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) has been applied for the determination of nutrients in the green house soil samples. We determined appropriate spectral signatures of vital nutrients and calibrated the method to measure the nutrients in a naturally fertilized plot, cultivated with tomato and cucumber plants. From the calibration curves we predicted the concentrations of important nutrients such as Ca, K, P, Mg, Fe, S, Ni and Ba in the soil. Our measurements proved that the LIBS method rapidly and efficiently measures soil nutrients with excellent detection limits of 12, 9, 7, 9, 7, 10, 8 and 12~mg/kg for Ca, K, P, Mg, Fe, S, Ni and Ba respectively with a precision of 2%, The unique features of LIBS for rapid sample analysis demonstrated by this study suggests that this method offers promise for precision measurements of soil nutrients as compared to conventional methods in short span of time.     

同步荧光光谱法测定环境水样中的多环芳烃

为了建立快速测定水体中多环芳烃的方法,用恒波长同步荧光法对14种多环芳烃混合标样进行了分析。在优化的实验条件下,对环境水样进行分析,可以鉴别出11种多环芳烃。14种PAHs在0～1000ng/ml范围内呈良好的线性关系,相关系数r均不小于0.9988,相对标准偏差(RSD)在1.06%～1.67%之间(n=6)。14种PAHs的检出限在0.072～3.9ng/ml之间。该方法应用于污水、样河水样、池塘水样中的多环芳烃检测取得了良好的效果,回收率分别为82.2%～111.0%、86.0%～107.0%、88.0%～106.2%(n=5)。     

邻苯二甲酸二甲酯在离体人红细胞内的分布和含量研究

邻苯二甲酸酯类污染物(PAEs)在环境中普遍存在,可沿食物链富集,危害人体健康。本文利用荧光光谱法和高效液相色谱法(HPLC)探究了邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)在离体人红细胞内的分布情况。结果表明,红细胞在310 nm、490 nm和609nm处各具有一个荧光特征峰,其来源分别为:红细胞内的蛋白;还原型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸(NADPH)、黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸(FAD)和膜脂;锌卟啉和原卟啉。DMP染毒后,310 nm处的荧光峰出现明显下降,其原因为进入红细胞内的DMP与蛋白发生了结合;490 nm和609 nm处的荧光峰变化很小。高效液相色谱(HPLC)实验结果表明,DMP能透过红细胞膜进入细胞内部,其进入量随暴露量增加而增加,进入量和暴露量的比值随暴露量增加而减少。上述研究成果能加深对PAEs在血液运输过程中与红细胞毒性作用的理解,可为PAEs的危险性评估和相关疾病预防提供数据参考。