新型光声光谱法测定总无机碳酸盐含量

采用新型富氏变换红外光谱气体分析仪测定固体及水体样品中总无机碳酸盐含量,原理是CO₂对红外线的主动式光声吸收.反应器浸没在恒温水浴中,经氮气吹洗后,在连续搅动条件下,向样品中加入一定量高氯酸.酸解生成的CO₂对特定波段的红外吸收造成温度和压力的波动,从而产生频率取决于吸收波长的光声信号,再由微型麦克风加以记录.实验对固体和液体标准样品的线性检测范围分别为120 mg的CaCO₃和36.4 mmol/L的NaHCO₃,灵敏度分别为0.02 mg和3 mmol/L.因总无机碳酸盐的酸性缓冲容量对黏土矿物的表面酸碱性质影响显著,故选择不同来源天然伊利石作为模型样品进行测定,并探讨一些影响因素和改进方案.     

玉米,大豆中减钾总β放射性的快速测定方法

本文以原子吸收光谱法代替经典的化学法测定钾含量,以短时间方法测定总β,经优选条件后,实现了减钾总β放射性的快速分析。     

Voltammetric and Spectroscopic Determination of Toxic Metals in Sediments and Sea Water of Salerno Gulf

In this present work the distribution of heavy metals in sea water and sediments of the Salerno Gulf is measured. The elements determined were Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn and Hg, employing, as instrumental techniques, either differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV) or graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS). A comparison of the results of the two analytical techniques is also made. Mercury determination was carried out employing the cold vapour atomic absorption spectroscopy (CVAAS) technique, with SnCl₂ as the reducing agent. The sample digestion was performed by a new procedure using concentrated suprapure H₂SO₄–K₂Cr₂O₇ mixture. The accuracy and precision of the analytical procedure were evaluated employing Sea Water BCR-CRM 403 and Estuarine Sediment BCR-CRM 277 as reference materials. Accuracy, expressed as relative error e and precision, expressed as relative standard deviation s_r, were in order of 2 to 5%. For both matrices, the detection limits, for all the elements, were in the range g g_-1 to ng g_-1.     

Mechanistic insights into sequestration of U(VI) toward magnetic biochar: Batch, XPS and EXAFS techniques

The magnetic iron oxide(Fe_3O_4) nanoparticles stabilized on the biochar were synthesized by fast pyrolysis of Fe(II)-loaded hydrophyte biomass under N_2 conditions. The batch experiments showed that magnetic biochar presented a large removal capacity(54.35 mg/g)at pH 3.0 and 293 K. The reductive co-precipitation of U(VI) to U(IV) by magnetic biochar was demonstrated according to X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray absorption near edge structure analysis. According to extended X-ray absorption fine structure analysis, the occurrence of U-Fe and U-U shells indicated that high effective removal of uranium was primarily inner-sphere coordination and then reductive co-precipitation at low pH. These observations provided the further understanding of uranium removal by magnetic materials in environmental remediation.     

Development of a novel myconanomining approach for the recovery of agriculturally important elements from jarosite waste

In this study, an ecofriendly and economically viable waste management approach have been attempted towards the biosynthesis of agriculturally important nanoparticles from jarosite waste. Aspergillus terreus strain J4 isolated from jarosite(waste from Debari Zinc Smelter,Udaipur, India), showed good leaching efficiency along with nanoparticles(NPs) formation under ambient conditions. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR) and transmission electron microscopy(TEM) confirmed the formation of NPs. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDX analysis) showed strong signals for zinc, iron, calcium and magnesium,with these materials being leached out. TEM analysis and high resolution transmission electron microscopy(HRTEM) showed semi-quasi spherical particles having average size of 10‐50 nm. Thus, a novel biomethodology was developed using fungal cell-free extract for bioleaching and subsequently nanoconversion of the waste materials into nanostructured form. These biosynthesized nanoparticles were tested for their efficacy on seed emergence activity of wheat(Triticum aestivum) seeds and showed enhanced growth at concentration of 20 ppm. These nanomaterials are expected to enhance plant growth properties and being targeted as additives in soil fertility and crop productivity enhancement.     

交通密度对道路雨水径流溶解性有机物污染特性的影响

为了解交通密度对道路雨水径流中溶解性有机物(DOM)特性的影响,采用超滤、荧光激发-发射矩阵光谱、紫外-可见吸收光谱及红外光谱等技术对不同交通密度的道路雨水径流进行表征.结果表明,道路雨水径流中胶体态有机碳(1 k Da)含量高于真溶解态有机碳(1 k Da)含量;道路雨水径流溶解性有机物中类色氨酸蛋白物质含量最多,其次是类富里酸物质和类络氨酸蛋白物质,类腐殖酸物质和微生物代谢物含量较少;主要含有—OH、—COOH、苯环等官能团.道路交通密度并未改变道路雨水径流DOM的种类及官能团组成,但交通密度越大其径流有机污染越严重、胶体态有机碳含量越高、大分子类色氨酸蛋白物质含量越多、芳香性越强.     

光腔衰荡光谱法走航连续观测海表大气中氧化亚氮

基于最新型Picarro G5101i型光腔衰荡光谱仪,自行设计并集成了适用于海表大气氧化亚氮的船基走航连续观测系统.实验室测试结果显示,该系统准确度优于1.4×10-9mol·mol-1,精密度优于0.2×10-9mol·mol-1.通过搭载2017年春季黄海和东海综合调查航次,首次在我国开展了海表大气中氧化亚氮的船载走航式连续观测研究.实践证明,该系统操作简便,运行稳定可靠,可获取高频率高精度的海表大气氧化亚氮摩尔分数数据.同时,基于实际观测工作,初步优化建立了相应的数据质量控制和处理方法,为获取具有国际可比性的观测数据奠定了基础.观测结果显示,春季黄海和东海海表大气中氧化亚氮的摩尔分数范围为(331.0~345.1)×10-9mol·mol-1,平均值为(333.5±1.4)×10-9mol·mol-1.     

EIS评价有机涂层防腐性能的应用研究进展

概述了电化学阻抗谱技术的原理、实验方法和分析方法,介绍了对多种数据处理及评价,最后阐述了EIS的局限性,并对其发展进行了展望。     

不同生态混凝土坡岸中溶解性有机质与镉的相互作用机理研究

为研究生态混凝土坡岸中DOM(dissolved organic matter,溶解性有机质)与重金属离子的相互作用,通过FQT(fluorescence quenching titration,荧光淬灭滴定)试验配合3D-EEMs(three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy,三维荧光光谱)、PARAFAC(parallel factor,平行因子分析)和2D-COS(two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy,二维相关光谱)探究了AEC(applied eco-concrete,应用型生态混凝土)和IEC(improved eco-concrete,改良型生态混凝土)坡岸中DOM与Cd2+的相互作用机理.结果表明:①3D-EEMs结果显示,AEC_ow(AEC坡岸出水)类蛋白组分荧光强度降低,水体腐殖化程度升高,而IEC_ow(IEC坡岸出水) DOM各组分荧光强度均降低;Cd2+能与DOM中所有组分发生络合,且随c(Cd2+)增加,各组分的荧光强度最终趋于稳定.②PARAFAC将所有样品中DOM分离出类蛋白、类富里酸和类腐殖质3个独立组分,其中类富里酸组分随c(Cd2+)增加表现稳定的荧光淬灭效果.③通过Ryan and Weber模型计算Cd2+与DOM中各组分的络合常数(lg K)发现,所有样品中Cd2+与DOM中类富里酸组分的lg K值均大于类蛋白组分.进一步发现,不同坡岸出水lg K值大小依次为RW(原水) > AEC_ow > IEC_ow;④2D-COS分析得出,DOM中类蛋白组分对Cd2+的敏感度最大.RW中Cd2+与DOM位点的络合顺序为340 nm→273 nm→282 nm,AEC_ow中络合顺序为410 nm→330 nm.研究显示:Cd2+率先与DOM中类富里酸、腐殖质类物质络合,且络合能力强,类蛋白物质最容易受Cd2+的干扰;AEC_ow增加了下游水生态系统中Cd2+的迁移风险和生物有效性,相反IEC_ow则降低了Cd2+的迁移风险,两种坡岸均能降低DOM组分与Cd2+的络合能力,其中IEC坡岸最优.      

Assessment of the quality of the air in the city of Palermo through chemical and cell analyses on Pinus needles

The influence of air pollution on the chemical composition of Pinus sp. needles was examined in polluted and control sites in and around the city of Palermo (Sicily). The chemical composition of needles indicated the extent of contamination of the trees, which were cytologically examined. Cell analysis was carried out on pine samples, including needles and pollens, from 15 different locations. Biostructural and spectrophotometric tests were performed. In particular, concentrations of toxic (Cd, Pb) and non-toxic metals (Fe,Cu, Zn) were determined, as well as injury caused by their accumulation in the needles. The more highly urbanised areas showed higher concentrations of metals (Pb, Cu. Zn, Fe); only the concentrations of Cd and Mn turned out to be constant in all the sites. Cell analysis revealed displasic cells and secondary metabolite accumulations in trees from polluted sites. These changes observed were most likely caused by the toxic effect of pollutants.