交通密度对道路雨水径流溶解性有机物污染特性的影响

为了解交通密度对道路雨水径流中溶解性有机物(DOM)特性的影响,采用超滤、荧光激发-发射矩阵光谱、紫外-可见吸收光谱及红外光谱等技术对不同交通密度的道路雨水径流进行表征.结果表明,道路雨水径流中胶体态有机碳(1 k Da)含量高于真溶解态有机碳(1 k Da)含量;道路雨水径流溶解性有机物中类色氨酸蛋白物质含量最多,其次是类富里酸物质和类络氨酸蛋白物质,类腐殖酸物质和微生物代谢物含量较少;主要含有—OH、—COOH、苯环等官能团.道路交通密度并未改变道路雨水径流DOM的种类及官能团组成,但交通密度越大其径流有机污染越严重、胶体态有机碳含量越高、大分子类色氨酸蛋白物质含量越多、芳香性越强.     

光腔衰荡光谱法走航连续观测海表大气中氧化亚氮

基于最新型Picarro G5101i型光腔衰荡光谱仪,自行设计并集成了适用于海表大气氧化亚氮的船基走航连续观测系统.实验室测试结果显示,该系统准确度优于1.4×10-9mol·mol-1,精密度优于0.2×10-9mol·mol-1.通过搭载2017年春季黄海和东海综合调查航次,首次在我国开展了海表大气中氧化亚氮的船载走航式连续观测研究.实践证明,该系统操作简便,运行稳定可靠,可获取高频率高精度的海表大气氧化亚氮摩尔分数数据.同时,基于实际观测工作,初步优化建立了相应的数据质量控制和处理方法,为获取具有国际可比性的观测数据奠定了基础.观测结果显示,春季黄海和东海海表大气中氧化亚氮的摩尔分数范围为(331.0~345.1)×10-9mol·mol-1,平均值为(333.5±1.4)×10-9mol·mol-1.     

EIS评价有机涂层防腐性能的应用研究进展

概述了电化学阻抗谱技术的原理、实验方法和分析方法,介绍了对多种数据处理及评价,最后阐述了EIS的局限性,并对其发展进行了展望。     

不同生态混凝土坡岸中溶解性有机质与镉的相互作用机理研究

为研究生态混凝土坡岸中DOM(dissolved organic matter,溶解性有机质)与重金属离子的相互作用,通过FQT(fluorescence quenching titration,荧光淬灭滴定)试验配合3D-EEMs(three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy,三维荧光光谱)、PARAFAC(parallel factor,平行因子分析)和2D-COS(two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy,二维相关光谱)探究了AEC(applied eco-concrete,应用型生态混凝土)和IEC(improved eco-concrete,改良型生态混凝土)坡岸中DOM与Cd2+的相互作用机理.结果表明:①3D-EEMs结果显示,AEC_ow(AEC坡岸出水)类蛋白组分荧光强度降低,水体腐殖化程度升高,而IEC_ow(IEC坡岸出水) DOM各组分荧光强度均降低;Cd2+能与DOM中所有组分发生络合,且随c(Cd2+)增加,各组分的荧光强度最终趋于稳定.②PARAFAC将所有样品中DOM分离出类蛋白、类富里酸和类腐殖质3个独立组分,其中类富里酸组分随c(Cd2+)增加表现稳定的荧光淬灭效果.③通过Ryan and Weber模型计算Cd2+与DOM中各组分的络合常数(lg K)发现,所有样品中Cd2+与DOM中类富里酸组分的lg K值均大于类蛋白组分.进一步发现,不同坡岸出水lg K值大小依次为RW(原水) > AEC_ow > IEC_ow;④2D-COS分析得出,DOM中类蛋白组分对Cd2+的敏感度最大.RW中Cd2+与DOM位点的络合顺序为340 nm→273 nm→282 nm,AEC_ow中络合顺序为410 nm→330 nm.研究显示:Cd2+率先与DOM中类富里酸、腐殖质类物质络合,且络合能力强,类蛋白物质最容易受Cd2+的干扰;AEC_ow增加了下游水生态系统中Cd2+的迁移风险和生物有效性,相反IEC_ow则降低了Cd2+的迁移风险,两种坡岸均能降低DOM组分与Cd2+的络合能力,其中IEC坡岸最优.      

Assessment of the quality of the air in the city of Palermo through chemical and cell analyses on Pinus needles

The influence of air pollution on the chemical composition of Pinus sp. needles was examined in polluted and control sites in and around the city of Palermo (Sicily). The chemical composition of needles indicated the extent of contamination of the trees, which were cytologically examined. Cell analysis was carried out on pine samples, including needles and pollens, from 15 different locations. Biostructural and spectrophotometric tests were performed. In particular, concentrations of toxic (Cd, Pb) and non-toxic metals (Fe,Cu, Zn) were determined, as well as injury caused by their accumulation in the needles. The more highly urbanised areas showed higher concentrations of metals (Pb, Cu. Zn, Fe); only the concentrations of Cd and Mn turned out to be constant in all the sites. Cell analysis revealed displasic cells and secondary metabolite accumulations in trees from polluted sites. These changes observed were most likely caused by the toxic effect of pollutants.     

光声光谱火灾气体探测系统

气体是火灾中最早出现的燃烧产物,利用燃烧过程中产生的气体作为判据能在很大程度上提高火灾探测及预警的早期性。光声光谱技术由于其在气体检测领域的高灵敏度、宽检测范围等优点已成为火灾探测的一个重要的发展方向。介绍了光声光谱技术原理,设计了一套基于光声原理的火灾气体探测系统。对该系统的基本性能进行了测试,并对棉绳阴燃和聚氨酯泡沫明火实验中产生的气体浓度(CO)进行了测量,根据光声信号的变化并结合一定的算法反演得到了这两组实验中CO的浓度变化曲线。实验表明,该探测系统对火灾能够很好地响应,能够满足探测需求。     

Selection of poly(R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid utilising bacteria by enrichment,optimisation and compatibility testing for consortia development

Bacterial strains with poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) degradation potential were isolated from waste yard soil samples of selected industrial sites in Uttarakhand, India, and two microbial consortia were developed, i.e. Consortium I comprises Pseudomonas sp. strain Rb10, Pseudomonas sp. strain Rb11 and Bacillus sp. strain Rb18, and Consortium II is composed of Lysinibacillus sp. strain Rb1, Pseudomonas sp. strain Rb13 and Pseudomonas sp. strain Rb19. The current study involved enrichment selection via liquid and semi-solid media, followed by isolation and screening of bacterial strains using PHB pellets and films. Furthermore, the identification and characterisation was done by triphasic approach. The utilisation of PHB by the characterised strains was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Moreover, the minimum inhibitory concentration of solubilised PHB was found to be 2.5?mg/mL, which was detected through ‘clear zone assay’. Further, the selection and biocompatibility testing of potential isolates were performed for the formation of bacterial consortia. Thus, the present work would provide direct and standardised protocol for screening and selection of potential microbiomes for biodegradation of polymers by overcoming the negative effect of organic solvents. Moreover, indigenously developed consortia would be evaluated for their in situ biodegradation potential against various bioplastic films.     

Metabolic responses in zebrafish (Danio rerio) exposed to zinc and cadmium by nuclear magnetic resonance -based metabolomics

Heavy metals are common marine and soil pollutants that are mainly the result of industrial activity, and are a threat to the environment and human health. In this study, ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics was applied to adult Danio rerio to monitor the metabolic change as a response to ZnCl₂ and CdCl₂ exposure at different concentrations for 72?h. NMR spectroscopy was used to identify and quantify the metabolites extracted from D. rerio. The metabolite profiles of the control and heavy metal exposed group were classified by partial least squares – discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) analysis, and potential contaminant-specific biomarkers were suggested. For the ZnCl₂-exposed zebrafish, the levels of ATP, aspartate and NAD⁺ were increased, whereas the levels of formate, inosine, hypoxanthine and succinate decreased. In addition, the CdCl₂-exposed zebrafish showed an increase in the levels of ATP and formate and a decrease in the levels of glutamate, inosine and glutathione. Overall, Zn and Cd may lead to neurotoxicity, disturbances in the energy metabolism and oxidative stress. Our finding demonstrated that the application of NMR-based metabolomics might be useful for detecting the toxicity caused by sub-lethal concentrations of heavy metal contaminants in the environment.     

Effect of long-term application of corn stalks and inorganic fertilizers on fluorescence characteristics of water extractable organic matter in a meadow black soil of northeast China

ABSTRACT

Returning crop residues into fields, either alone or in combination with inorganic fertilizer, is considered as a practical way to enhance soil fertility. However, information concerning the effects of crop residues and inorganic fertilizer application on water extractable organic matter (WEOM) in soil is scarce. The aim of this study was to examine the 10-year effect of corn residue (CR) return with or without the application of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) fertilizer on the quantity and quality of WEOM in a black soil of northeast China by means of ultraviolet absorbance, fluorescence excitation--emission matrix, and derived spectroscopic indices. The application of NPK fertilizers and CR, alone or together, increased the content of total soil organic carbon (SOC), water extractable organic carbon (WEOC), and ratio of WEOC/SOC, with the sequence being NPK + CR > CR > NPK > CK. Compared with control treatment, the individual application of NPK fertilizer decreased the aromaticity of WEOM. In contrast, elevated proportion of tryptophan-like fluorophore and microbially derived fulvic acid-like components with low molecular weight was detected in the WEOM. The amendment with CR alone resulted in increase in aromaticity of WEOM and proportion of plant-derived humic acid-like component with large molecular weight, accompanied by reduced proportion of tyrosine-like compounds. For the soil with CR restoration, the application of NPK fertilizer increased aromaticity of WEOM, and large molecular weight fulvic acid-like and humic acid-like compounds were found. However, the proportions of tyrosine-like and tryptophan-like compounds were diminished. The quantitative and qualitative analysis of WEOM using fluorescence spectroscopy describes responses to be observed in long-term different fertilization strategies.     

化学品急性毒性藻红外测试技术的方法改进研究

在以往藻红外测试技术的急性毒性测试中,每次每个测试杯测试1个藻温,共2个测试组,并用藻最大响应温差1个指标进行毒性评价,测试结果的可行性和稳定性不理想,针对这个问题提出了改进方法:1)每次每个测试杯连测3个藻温;2)改为3个测试组;3)将单指标法改为三指标法;4)增加测试结果的重现性分析。通过蒸馏水毒性测试实验和重金属毒性测试实验,分析改进方法的效果。结果显示,不同指标方法中,三指标法控制假结果出现率为20%,控制效果最好;在测试4元重金属共存(总浓度0.066~0.156 mg·L~(-1))的毒性时,测试3个藻温的所有指标法的平均重现率(%)/重现性(%)均为100%/100%,测试1个藻温的三指标法的平均重现率(%)/重现性(%)为67%/100%,表明测试高浓度的重金属毒性时,不同指标法都有很好的评价效果;在测试一元重金属(0.001~0.1 mg·L~(-1))毒性时,只有三指标法的平均重现率(%)/重现性(%)是100%/100%,远高于其他指标法,表明只有三指标法才可准确测试低浓度重金属的毒性。在测试5种不同重金属共存的毒性时,三指标法的平均重现率(%)/重现性(%)平均为86.8%/100%。研究表明,改进后的技术用于化学品急性毒性测试,灵敏度高和稳定性好,结果可靠。