垃圾焚烧飞灰熔渣的健康风险评价与豁免管理

通过对垃圾焚烧飞灰在环境中迁移转化过程的分析,对取自上海的垃圾焚烧飞灰及其处理后的熔渣进行了健康风险评价.结果表明上海原灰对儿童与成人的暴露危险指数分别为84.79和38.76,远大于可接受的风险水平(1),因此上海原灰对人体健康有较大的非致癌风险;而经过高温熔融处理之后的飞灰熔渣对儿童与成人的暴露危险指数分别为0.160和0 073 3,危险指数在可接受的范围之内,对环境和人体健康造成的危害较小,可以进行豁免,可按照一般废物进行管理.     

城市生活垃圾与煤混烧灰渣的熔融特性及成分分析

根据我国城市生活垃圾熔融焚烧需要添加一定量辅助燃料进行稳燃的实际情况以及垃圾成分复杂、波动性大的特点，对配比一定煤的混合垃圾焚烧灰渣的熔融特性及熔融渣的回收利用进行实验研究．实验结果表明：垃圾的熔融特性主要与垃圾渣中的以SiO2-A12O3-CaO-Fe2O3为代表成分有关，垃圾渣中SiO2/A12O3、SiO2 Al2O3、CaO Fe2O3对灰渣熔融点T3的影响与该成分在垃圾渣中存在的化学形式及其性质有关；垃圾熔融渣的物理性能优良，渣中的重金属浸出和噁英的含量均达环保标准．可以直接对垃圾熔融渣进行回收利用。     

Process design of Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG) production using wood gasification

The process design of a 10–20 MW_th Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG) production process from wood has been performed. Combining process modelling and process integration techniques, this study proceeds via the following stages:

• thermodynamic modelling: mass, energy balances and simulation of the wood gasification, the methanation and the purification units;

• process integration that identifies the energy saving opportunities and prepares a thermo-economic optimization.

This work demonstrates that the process can transform wood into pipeline quality methane with a thermal efficiency of 57.9% based on the Lower Heating Value (LHV). The process integration study shows that the heat surplus of the process can be used to almost satisfy the mechanical work required by the process; only 7% of the mechanical needs should come from an external source.     

基于CREAM的高温熔融金属作业人员可靠性分析

为了对冶金企业高温熔融金属作业人员的可靠性进行评估和量化,基于认知可靠性与失误分析方法(CREAM),提出了适用于高温熔融金属作业的人员可靠性分析方法。该方法给出了通用效能条件(Common Performance Condition, CPC)的评估细则,采用层次分析法(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)与熵值法相结合的CPC因子权重确定方法,利用模糊数学原理实现CPC因子输入的模糊化,从而计算高温熔融金属作业人员失误概率(HEP)和可靠度。通过对炼钢冶炼作业的人员可靠性分析的结果表明:该方法合理有效,具有一定的应用性。     

冶金尘泥混合垃圾燃烧飞灰熔融重构固化重金属的研究

针对冶金固废组分复杂且难以高附加值利用的特性,结合当前垃圾燃烧飞灰重金属污染现状,通过将两者混合进行熔融固化及成分重组,研究了重金属固化及浸出毒性.结果表明:随着温度升高,固化渣出现明显结块,且燃烧过程中矿物发生重组,Zn、Cu、Pb和Cr取代硅酸盐中Ca~(2+)、Al~(3+)等离子而被固熔于网状基体中,生成了Cu_6Zn_4Al_2O_4、FeCr_2O_4、Cd_(0.75)Zn_(0.25)Fe_2O_4、Zn(AlO0.5Fe1.5)O4、MgCr0.4Fe1.6O4及Cu0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4等物质;且随着温度升高,Ca-Fe-Si-O体系形成一种耐热硅酸盐稳定相CaFe_3(SiO_4)2OH,由于其覆盖或包裹住含有重金属的晶体,从而延缓并阻止了灰渣分解及重金属的浸出,降低了重金属对环境的污染.     

Hydrogen-rich synthesis gas production from waste wood via gasification and reforming technology for fuel cell application

The purpose of this study was to establish a fuel process for an advanced power generation system in which hydrogen-rich synthesis gas, as the fuel for the molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC), can be extracted from biomass via gasification and reforming technologies. Experiments on waste wood gasification were performed using a bench-scale gasification system. The main factors influencing hydrogen generation in the noncatalytic process and in the catalytic process were investigated, and temperature was identified as the most important factor. At 950°C, without employing a catalyst, hydrogen-rich synthesis gas containing about 54 vol% hydrogen was extracted from feedstock with appropriately designed operation parameters for the steam/carbon ratio and the equivalence ratio. However, by employing a commercial steam reforming catalyst in the reforming process, similar results were obtained at 750°C.     

阳极溶出伏安法连续测定底泥中的总镉和总铅

样品经盐酸-硝酸-氢氟酸-高氯酸消解后，用1＋1盐酸溶解残渣，以高氯酸做支持电解质，采用阳极溶出伏安法的标准加入法，测定样品中的总镉和总铅，取得满意结果。     

Cytogenetic status of human lymphocytes after exposure to low concentrations of p,p'-DDT, and its metabolites (p,p'-DDE, and p,p'-DDD) in vitro

Despite that the use of DDT has been restricted for more than 40 years to malaria affected areas, low doses of this pesticide and its metabolites DDE and DDD can be found in the environment around the world. Although it has been shown that these pollutants induce cell and DNA damage, the mechanisms of their cytogenotoxic activity remains largely unknown. This study looks into their possible genotoxic effects, at doses that can be found in body fluids, on human lymphocytes using the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay and the comet assay. After exposure for 1, 6, and 24 h compounds p,p′-DDT (0.1 μg mL⁻¹), p,p′-DDE (4.1 μg mL⁻¹), and p,p′-DDD (3.9 μg mL⁻¹) showed increase in DNA damage. The most significant results were observed at exposure period of 24 h where number of micronucleated cells increased from control 2.5 ± 0.71 to 23.5 ± 3.54, 13.5 ± 0.71, and 16.5 ± 6.36 for DDT, DDE, and DDD, respectively. Similar effect was observed using comet test where the percentage of DNA in comets tail increased from control 1.81 ± 0.16 to 17.24 ± 0.55, 11.21 ± 0.56 and 9.28 ± 0.50 for each compound, respectively. At the same time Fpg-comet assay failed to report induction of oxidative DNA damage of these pollutants. Additionally, the type of cell death was determined using diffusion assay and necrosis dominated. Our findings suggest that even at low concentrations, these pesticides could induce cytogenetic damage to human peripheral blood lymphocytes and in that manner have the impact on human health as well.     

环渤海盐碱地区模拟生活污水冷冻处理试验

为了探索环渤海地区污水资源化的过程,基于冷冻技术,通过模拟生活污水人工冷冻试验,研究了冷冻温度、污染物初始浓度、机械搅拌等因素对环渤海盐碱地区生活污水冰融水水质的影响,同时考察了人工冷冻试验对含盐生活污水中COD_Cr与NH₃-N处理效果的影响. 结果表明:在-11~-2 ℃的室内人工低温环境中,冷冻法可使污水中COD_Cr与NH₃-N的去除率分别达到80%和85%以上;冷冻温度越低,污水冷冻速率越快,COD_Cr和NH₃-N的去除率越低;污染物浓度越高,污水冰融水水质越差;机械搅拌对污水处理效果的影响不很明显.      

Augmented hydrogen production by gasification of ball milled polyethylene with Ca(OH)2 and Ni(OH)2

PE ball milling pretreatment induces higher H₂ production and purity by gasification. Ca(OH)₂ reacts at solid state with PE boosting H₂ and capturing CO₂. Ca(OH)₂ significantly reduces methanation side-reaction. Polymer thermal recycling for hydrogen production is a promising process to recover such precious element from plastic waste. In the present work a simple but efficacious high energy milling pre-treatment is proposed to boost H₂ generation during polyethylene gasification. The polymer is co-milled with calcium and nickel hydroxides and then it is subjected to thermal treatment. Results demonstrate the key role played by the calcium hydroxide that significantly ameliorates hydrogen production. It reacts in solid state with the polyethylene to form directly carbonate and hydrogen. In this way, the CO₂ is immediately captured in solid form, thus shifting the equilibrium toward H₂ generation and obtaining high production rate (>25 L/mol CH₂). In addition, high amounts of the hydroxide prevent excessive methane formation, so the gas product is almost pure hydrogen (~95%).