滑石粉对阻燃聚丙烯土工格栅性能的影响

将滑石粉加入聚丙烯阻燃格栅料中制成聚丙烯阻燃土工格栅材料,并探讨滑石粉对阻燃格栅的力学性能、熔融指数、燃烧性能、热稳定性和结晶性能的影响。结果表明:滑石粉的加入能提高阻燃格栅的熔融指数和结晶度,但对力学性能和阻燃性能有负面影响。与未添加滑石粉的阻燃格栅相比,添加5%wt的滑石粉后,阻燃格栅的断裂伸长率下降了9633%,峰值热释放速率和总释放热分别增加了4736%和2164%;当滑石粉添加量进一步增加到10%wt时,阻燃格栅的阻燃性能略有提高,但断裂伸长率却下降了975%。热重和差热分析表明,阻燃格栅阻燃性能的下降与热稳定性下降有关,而熔融指数提高则与α晶型熔点下降有关     

600t/d浮法玻璃熔窑脱硫工艺改进及相关参数分析

通过对600 t/d浮法玻璃熔窑脱硫工艺的现场实验,取得了预期效果。实验过程的工艺参数控制如下:1)输送风机2台,一台直通,一台开度为30%～35%;引风机2台,一用一备,开度70%～85%;通过输送风机和引风机的联动调节,控制窑压在4±1Pa范围内。2)通过热电偶的温度检测,自动进行补减水量和微动调节闸阀控制烟气进塔温度在180～200℃。3)合理调整双翼闸板开度在75%～85%,既满足窑压要求,又能控制烟气进塔流速在8～10 m/s。     

Biomass waste gasification - can be the two stage process suitable for tar reduction and power generation?

A pilot scale gasification unit with novel co-current, updraft arrangement in the first stage and counter-current downdraft in the second stage was developed and exploited for studying effects of two stage gasification in comparison with one stage gasification of biomass (wood pellets) on fuel gas composition and attainable gas purity. Significant producer gas parameters (gas composition, heating value, content of tar compounds, content of inorganic gas impurities) were compared for the two stage and the one stage method of the gasification arrangement with only the upward moving bed (co-current updraft). The main novel features of the gasifier conception include grate-less reactor, upward moving bed of biomass particles (e.g. pellets) by means of a screw elevator with changeable rotational speed and gradual expanding diameter of the cylindrical reactor in the part above the upper end of the screw. The gasifier concept and arrangement are considered convenient for thermal power range 100-350 kW_th. The second stage of the gasifier served mainly for tar compounds destruction/reforming by increased temperature (around 950 °C) and for gasification reaction of the fuel gas with char. The second stage used additional combustion of the fuel gas by preheated secondary air for attaining higher temperature and faster gasification of the remaining char from the first stage. The measurements of gas composition and tar compound contents confirmed superiority of the two stage gasification system, drastic decrease of aromatic compounds with two and higher number of benzene rings by 1-2 orders. On the other hand the two stage gasification (with overall ER = 0.71) led to substantial reduction of gas heating value (LHV = 3.15 MJ/Nm³), elevation of gas volume and increase of nitrogen content in fuel gas. The increased temperature (>950 °C) at the entrance to the char bed caused also substantial decrease of ammonia content in fuel gas. The char with higher content of ash leaving the second stage presented only few mass% of the inlet biomass stream.     

From feathers to syngas - technologies and devices

The poultry waste produced by industrial slaughterhouses typically contains not only feathers, but also a mixture of animal entrails, nails, blood, beaks and whole carcasses. Economical utilisation of this mixture, varying strongly in composition and moisture content, is, in general, difficult. We demonstrate that this awkward material can be successfully used for gasification in a simple, fixed-bed gasifier. The method of gasification, which we developed, enables control of the gasification process and ensures its stability in the operational regime of a working poultry processing plant. The installation, which has been working in Poland for 2 years, utilises 2 tons of feathers per hour and produces syngas of stable composition and fairly high quality. The syngas is burnt in the combustion chamber adjacent to the gasifier. Heat is recuperated in a boiler producing 3.5 tons per hour of technological steam continuously used for the operation of the slaughterhouse. The whole process complies with the stringent emission standards. In the paper we present the end-use device for feather utilisation and describe the underlying gasification and syngas combustion processes. Key elements of the whole installation are briefly discussed. The environmental impacts of the installation are summarized.     

Characterization of cellulosic wastes and gasification products from chicken farms

The current article focuses on gasification as a primary disposal solution for cellulosic wastes derived from chicken farms, and the possibility to recover energy from this process. Wood shavings and chicken litter were characterized with a view to establishing their thermal parameters, compositional natures and calorific values. The main products obtained from the gasification of chicken litter, namely, producer gas, bio-oil and char, were also analysed in order to establish their potential as energy sources. The experimental protocol included bomb calorimetry, pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry (PCFC), thermo-gravimetric analyses (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, elemental analyses, X-ray diffraction (XRD), mineral content analyses and gas chromatography. The mass and energy balances of the gasification unit were also estimated. The results obtained confirmed that gasification is a viable method of chicken litter disposal. In addition to this, it is also possible to recover some energy from the process. However, energy content in the gas-phase was relatively low. This might be due to the low energy efficiency (19.6%) of the gasification unit, which could be improved by changing the operation parameters.     

地热能融雪技术研究

北方冬季漫长,冰冻时期长,雪量大,导致清雪工作艰难。由于清雪工作不及时导致的交通事故多,严重影响交通运输和危及他人生命安全。利用Fluent对地热能融雪过程进行数值模拟,得出路面积雪的温度场及相界面的融雪规律,并针对散热管管径的大小、散热管埋设的间距和深度进行对比研究,为地热能融雪技术路面设计提供参考。     

应用神经网络方法优化垃圾焚烧模拟灰渣熔点的预测

采用SiO₂、Al₂O₃、CaO、Na₂CO₃、NaCl和Fe₂O₃等物质来模拟垃圾焚烧的真实灰渣组成,通过实验测定模拟灰渣熔点,建立神经网络模型进行熔点预测,由预测结果来指导进一步实验,得到修正的模型,最终预测出的半球温度（HT）平均误差低于5%。     

SiO2对垃圾焚烧飞灰熔融固化特性的影响

研究了在飞灰中添加不同比例的SiO2对熔融处理的影响,分析了熔融温度、挥发率、重金属固定率的变化规律.研究表明SiO2添加量为1%和10%的飞灰熔融温度相差大约70℃,挥发率相差20.7%;处理温度较高时,大量添加SiO2对挥发量影响很小;飞灰中添加SiO2可以增加重金属Pb的固定率,对Cu和Cd的影响不显著,反而使得Zn的固定率降低.结果表明,在较高的处理温度下,温度是影响重金属固定率的主要因素之一,此时大量添加SiO2既不能增强重金属固化效果,也不能达到减少挥发率的目的.     

Production of high quality syngas from argon/water plasma gasification of biomass and waste

Extremely hot thermal plasma was used for the gasification of biomass (spruce sawdust, wood pellets) and waste (waste plastics, pyrolysis oil). The plasma was produced by a plasma torch with DC electric arc using unique hybrid stabilization. The torch input power of 100–110 kW and the mass flow rate of the gasified materials of tens kg/h was set up during experiments. Produced synthetic gas featured very high content of hydrogen and carbon monoxide (together approximately 90%) that is in a good agreement with theory. High quality of the produced gas is given by extreme parameters of used plasma – composition, very high temperature and low mass flow rate.     

On the ASR and ASR thermal residues characterization of full scale treatment plant

In order to obtain 85% recycling, several procedures on Automotive Shredder Residue (ASR) could be implemented, such as advanced metal and polymer recovery, mechanical recycling, pyrolysis, the direct use of ASR in the cement industry, and/or the direct use of ASR as a secondary raw material. However, many of these recovery options appear to be limited, due to the possible low acceptability of ASR based products on the market. The recovery of bottom ash and slag after an ASR thermal treatment is an option that is not usually considered in most countries (e.g. Italy) due to the excessive amount of contaminants, especially metals. The purpose of this paper is to provide information on the characteristics of ASR and its full-scale incineration residues. Experiments have been carried out, in two different experimental campaigns, in a full-scale tyre incineration plant specifically modified to treat ASR waste.Detailed analysis of ASR samples and combustion residues were carried out and compared with literature data. On the basis of the analytical results, the slag and bottom ash from the combustion process have been classified as non-hazardous wastes, according to the EU waste acceptance criteria (WAC), and therefore after further tests could be used in future in the construction industry. It has also been concluded that ASR bottom ash (EWC – European Waste Catalogue – code 19 01 12) could be landfilled in SNRHW (stabilized non-reactive hazardous waste) cells or used as raw material for road construction, with or without further treatment for the removal of heavy metals. In the case of fly ash from boiler or Air Pollution Control (APC) residues, it has been found that the Cd, Pb and Zn concentrations exceeded regulatory leaching test limits therefore their removal, or a stabilization process, would be essential prior to landfilling the use of these residues as construction material.