临近空间大气扰动风场的探测与分析

目的深入了解掌握临近空间大气风场的扰动状态,给临近空间飞行器的精确入轨、有效运行提供可靠的环境信息。方法用昆明站(25.6°N,103.8°E)临近空间观测平台中的MF雷达开展临近空间大气风场扰动观测。基于谐波拟合方法得到昆明地区2008年8月至2010年8月期间的周日和半日潮汐分量及背景风场,分析昆明地区临近空间80~100 km之间潮汐波动的变化特征。结果周日潮汐振幅具有明显的年变化和半年变化,最大值均出现在10月份和3月份的86~92 km高度范围内,同时第一年度的潮汐幅度明显强于第二年度,类似准两年变化。纬向半日潮汐的变化特征不是非常明显,而经向半日潮汐在88~94 km之间具有年变化,在其他高度处则出现多个峰值。结论潮汐相位的变化结果表明潮汐的下行传播,潮汐振幅的高度变化符合先增大后减小的特征,呈现胞状结构。     

日本地下水环境质量标准及监测方法

在大量查阅日本法律法规、质量报告书和专题报告书的基础上,论述了日本地下水质量标准构成及监测方法.     

ADMINISTRATION OF GROUND WATER AS BOTH A RENEWABLE AND NONRENEWABLE RESOURCE1

ABSTRACT: Ground water is intended to be administered in many western states as a flow or renewable resource. In Idaho, this administration is based on the appropriation doctrine of water rights. Two generalizations may be made concerning ground water. First, water artificially discharged from an aquifer system must deplete the total resource by that amount; water consumptively pumped from a well must be derived from either increased recharge, decreased discharge or a decrease of water in storage. Second, the annual rate of recharge to a ground-water system is often only a small percentage of the total resource in storage. Ground water may be divided into flow and stock portions. In those basins where the second generalization is true, most ground water may be classified as stock. However, only the flow portion of ground water may be developed if utilization of the resource is to be enjoyed over an infinite period. Data from the Raft River Basin in Idaho indicate that the flow and stock characteristics of ground water are time dependent. The resource exhibits the characteristics of both a renewable and nonrenewable resource. As a result, present administrative techniques do not provide for effective management of the resource.     

Use of tracer tests to evaluate the impact of enhanced-solubilization flushing on in-situ biodegradation

Tracer tests were conducted to evaluate the effect of a complexing sugar flush (CSF) on in-situ biodegradation potential at a site contaminated by jet fuel, solvents, and other organic compounds. Technical-grade hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin was used during the CSF study, which was conducted in a hydraulically isolated cell emplaced in a surficial aquifer. In-situ biodegradation potential was assessed with the use of tracer tests, which were conducted prior to and immediately following the CSF study. Ethanol, hexanol, and benzoate were used as the biodegradable tracers, while bromide was used as a nonreactive tracer. The results indicate that the biodegradation of benzoate was similar for both tracer tests. Conversely, the biodegradation of ethanol (23% increase) and hexanol (41% increase) was greater for the post-CSF tracer test. In addition, analysis of core samples collected from within the test cell indicates that the population density of aerobic jet-fuel degraders increased in the vicinity of the injection wells during the CSF. These results indicate that the cyclodextrin flush did not deleteriously affect the indigenous microbial community. This study illustrates that tracer tests can be used to evaluate the impact of remediation activities on in-situ biodegradation potential.     

Testing a Simple Field Method for Assessing Nitrate Removal in Riparian Zones1

Abstract: Being able to identify riparian sites that function better for nitrate removal from groundwater is critical to using efficiently the riparian zones for water quality management. For this purpose, managers need a method that is quick, inexpensive, and accurate enough to enable effective management decisions. This study assesses the precision and accuracy of a simple method using three ground water wells and one measurement date for determining nitrate removal characteristics of riparian buffer zones. The method is a scaled‐down version of a complex field research method that consists of a large network of wells and piezometers monitored monthly for over two years. Results using the simplified method were compared to those from the reference research method on a date‐by‐date basis on eight sites covering a wide range of hydrogeomorphic settings. The accuracy of the three‐well, 1 day measurement method was relatively good for assessing nitrate concentration depletion across riparian zones, but poor for assessing the distance necessary to achieve a 90% nitrate removal and for estimating water and nitrate fluxes compared to the reference method. The simplified three‐well method provides relatively better estimates of water and nitrate fluxes on sites where ground‐water flow is parallel to the water table through homogeneous aquifer material, but such conditions may not be geographically widespread. Despite limited overall accuracy, some parameters that are estimated using the simplified method may be useful to water resource managers. Nitrate depletion information may be used to assess the adequacy of existing buffers to achieve nitrate concentration goals for runoff. Estimates of field nitrate runoff and buffer removal fluxes may be adequate for prioritizing management toward sites where riparian buffers are likely to have greater impact on stream water quality.     

地质雷达在环境工程中的应用和发展

简要介绍了地质雷达技术,着重分析总结了地质雷达在环境工程,例如水文地质调查、土壤湿度测定、垃圾场调查、古建筑保护及考古中的应用,讨论了地质雷达的局限性及其发展趋势。     

激光雷达相干成像原理及其研究的若干问题

总结了激光雷达相干成像技术研究现状和进展,根据激光相干成像一般原理,针对2种最新激光雷达即距离高分辨多普勒和合成孔径相干成像技术,给出其系统技术框架和成像效果。分析了激光雷达相干成像特点及系统设计所必须解决的技术难点,指出解决问题的方案和注意问题,为我国进一步开展空间、空中和地基平台激光雷达相干成像试验研究和理论仿真奠定预先技术支持。     

2000 — 2018年哈尔里克山冰川高程遥感变化分析

冰川高程变化是冰川形态变化的重要特征之一,能为推算冰川体积变化及物质平衡提供基本参数。利用Sentinel-1A雷达数据,与SRTM数据进行差分干涉,得到2000—2018年哈尔里克山冰川高程变化结果。为进一步提高监测结果的可靠性,以裸地区域的高程变化量作为系统误差修正值,对冰川高程变化结果进行第一次优化。由于差分干涉结果受地形影响较大,为降低地形因素对高程变化的影响,分析地形因子与高程变化标准差之间的关系,去除标准差过大的冰川区域,提高冰川高程变化可靠性,对冰川高程变化结果进行第二次优化,并在此基础上进行精度评定。结果表明：过去18年来,哈尔里克山冰川高程平均下降(8.74±0.14) m;分析冰川高程变化的空间差异性,发现西北部冰川高程减少程度较东南部小;分析冰川高程变化与海拔的关系,发现总体上冰川高程下降程度随海拔升高而减小。     

安徽铜陵地面塌陷现象初析

铜陵市区内,近来发生了大面积地陷与地裂,造成严重灾害,引起了各界广泛的关注。本文着重探讨这种灾害的发生原因及其防灾对策。     

我国城市地下水开采诱发的灾害及对策探讨

本文通过综合全国各地水文地质灾害现象,将其归纳为四类:(1) 地下水下降漏斗扩大;(2) 地面沉降;(3) 地下水质恶化;(4) 地裂缝和地塌陷。同时分析了这些灾害的形成机制、危害程度以及经济损失情况,并提出了一些相应的治理对策。