氰根在线监测仪在紫金山金矿废水排放系统中的应用

通过氰根在线监测仪在紫金山金矿废水排放系统中的应用实例,对在线监测仪使用过程中所遇到的常见问题进行分析,总结了使用在线监测仪的日常维护内容及常见故障的处理经验.     

Factors Associated with Alien Plants Transitioning from Casual, to Naturalized, to Invasive

Abstract:  To explain current plant invasions, or predict future ones, more knowledge on which factors increase the probability of alien species becoming naturalized and subsequently invasive is needed. We created a database of the alien plants in seminatural habitats in Ireland that included data on taxonomy, invasive status, invasion history, distribution, and biological and ecological plant characteristics. We used information from this database to determine the importance of these factors in increasing the ability of species to become naturalized and invasive. More specifically, we used two multiple logistic regressions to identify factors that distinguish naturalized from casual alien plant species and invasive from noninvasive, naturalized alien species. Clonal growth, moisture-indicator value, nitrogen-indicator value, native range, and date of first record affected (in order of decreasing importance) the probability of naturalization. Factors that distinguished invasive from noninvasive species were ornamental introduction, hermaphrodite flowers, pollination mode, being invasive elsewhere, onset of flowering season, moisture-indicator value, native range, and date of first record. Incorporation of phylogenetic information had little influence on the results, suggesting that the capacity of alien species to naturalize and become invasive evolved largely independently in several phylogenetic lineages. Whereas some of the variables were important for both transitions, others were only important for naturalization or for invasion. This emphasizes the importance of studying different stages of the invasion process when looking for mechanisms of becoming a successful invasive plant, instead of simply comparing invasive with noninvasive alien species. Our results also suggest that a combination of species traits and other variables is likely to produce the most accurate prediction of invasions.     

公路隧道内车辆行驶工况的试验研究

在北京市谭峪沟隧道内汽车行驶工况调查的基础上,采用以二维直方统计为核心的随机工况统计方法,对公路隧道内车辆实际行驶状态作了比较全面的分析,为合理地确定我国公路汽车排放因素,进而确定隧道内空气污染控制方针提供科学依据.      

三氯生在水生生态系统中的污染现状及其生物毒性效应

三氯生(triclosan, TCS)是一种合成型广谱类抗菌剂,广泛应用于人类的生产生活,使用中伴随生活污水进入环境并已广泛分布,其中水生生态系统是TCS的主要污染区域之一。通过汇总分析国内外不同类型水生生态系统中TCS的调查研究结果,发现TCS已经普遍存在于淡水和近海水生生态系统中,生活污染处理厂出水是河流中TCS的主要污染源,区域污染水平与人口密度和工业发展程度密切相关;水体中的浓度受降雨、河口区潮汐作用以及季节影响; TCS对水生生物存在显著毒性效应,其效应浓度因物种而异,与生物的发育阶段也有关系。     

水环境中四环素类抗生素降解及去除研究进展

四环素类抗生素是治疗与预防人类和动物疾病及细菌感染的一类广谱抗菌药。在畜牧养殖中,四环素类抗生素做为疾病治疗药物和促生长剂应用广泛,使用量巨大。本文综述了四环素类抗生素在水环境中的污染现状及其在水中的降解和去除研究进展。     

我国火电厂烟气排放连续监测装置现状及对策建议

调研、分析了我国75家代表性火电厂的101套烟气排放连续监测装置(CEMS)的安装和使用现状;分析了10个国家层面上的有关CEMS的法规、政策.从法规、政策要求可以看出:装设CEMS是火电厂排放标准的强制性要求;CEMS经验收合格后,其监测数据为法定数据;火电厂装设CEMS是电厂环境监督管理和政府环保部门管理的需要,也是实现环保电厂优先发电调度的需要等.指出了火电厂已装CEMS存在的主要问题:市场不规范、疏于管理、企业重视不够、资金浪费大、环保部门监管手段落后、缺乏配套的管理办法、电力行业组织没有发挥应有的作用等;提出了尽快出台相关配套的管理规定、清理整顿CEMS市场、加快恢复已装CEMS的正常运行、探索有效的CEMS管理新模式和加强行业自律等建议.      

城市生活垃圾填埋场产气控制利用技术研究进展

文章综述了当前国内外城市生活垃圾填埋场产气控制利用技术研究、利用现状,分析了我国适于实施填埋产沼工程的有利条件,得出国内对填埋场气体利用具有广阔的前景.最后提出了在该领域国内今后主要的研究方向.     

Cadmium-hazard mapping using a general linear regression model (Irr-Cad) for rapid risk assessment

Research undertaken over the last 40 years has identified the irrefutable relationship between the long-term consumption of cadmium (Cd)-contaminated rice and human Cd disease. In order to protect public health and livelihood security, the ability to accurately and rapidly determine spatial Cd contamination is of high priority. During 2001–2004, a General Linear Regression Model Irr-Cad was developed to predict the spatial distribution of soil Cd in a Cd/Zn co-contaminated cascading irrigated rice-based system in Mae Sot District, Tak Province, Thailand (Longitude E 98°59′–E 98°63′ and Latitude N 16°67′–16°66′). The results indicate that Irr-Cad accounted for 98% of the variance in mean Field Order total soil Cd. Preliminary validation indicated that Irr-Cad ‘predicted’ mean Field Order total soil Cd, was significantly (p < 0.001) correlated (R ² = 0.92) with ‘observed’ mean Field Order total soil Cd values. Field Order is determined by a given field's proximity to primary outlets from in-field irrigation channels and subsequent inter-field irrigation flows. This in turn determines Field Order in Irrigation Sequence (Field Order^IS). Mean Field Order total soil Cd represents the mean total soil Cd (aqua regia-digested) for a given Field Order^IS. In 2004–2005, Irr-Cad was utilized to evaluate the spatial distribution of total soil Cd in a ‘high-risk’ area of Mae Sot District. Secondary validation on six randomly selected field groups verified that Irr-Cad predicted mean Field Order total soil Cd and was significantly (p < 0.001) correlated with the observed mean Field Order total soil Cd with R ² values ranging from 0.89 to 0.97. The practical applicability of Irr-Cad is in its minimal input requirements, namely the classification of fields in terms of Field Order^IS, strategic sampling of all primary fields and laboratory based determination of total soil Cd (T-Cd_P) and the use of a weighed coefficient for Cd (Coeff_W). The use of primary fields as the basis for Irr-Cad is also an important practical consideration due to their inherent ease of identification and vital role in the classification of fields in terms of Field Order^IS. The inclusion of mean field order soil pH (1:5_water) to the Irr-Cad model accounted for over 79% of the variation in mean Field Order bio-available (DTPA (diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid)-extractable) soil Cd. Rice is the staple food of countries of the Greater Mekong Sub-region (includes Vietnam, Myanmar, Lao PDR, Thailand and Yunnan Province, China). These countries also have actively and historically mined Zn, Pb, and Cu deposits where Cd is likely to be a potential hazard if un-controlled discharge/runoff enters areas of rice cultivation. As such, it is envisaged that the Irr-Cad model could be applied for Cd hazard assessment and effectively form the basis of intervention options and policy decisions to protect public health, livelihoods, and export security.     

Temporal-spatial dynamics of vegetation variation on non-point source nutrient pollution

The temporal-spatial interaction of land cover and non-point source (NPS) nutrient pollution were analyzed with the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to simulate the temporal-spatial features of NPS nutrient loading in the upper stream of the Yellow River catchment. The corresponding land cover data variance was expressed by the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) that was calculated from MODIS images. It was noted that the temporal variation of land cover NDVI was significantly correlated with NPS nutrient loading. The regression analysis indicated that vegetation not only detained NPS nutrient pollution transportation, but also contributed to sustainable loading. The temporal analysis also confirmed that regional NDVI was an effective index for monthly assessment of NPS nitrogen and phosphorus loading. The spatial variations of NPS nutrient loading can be classified with land cover status. The high loadings of NPS nitrogen in high NDVI subbasins indicated that forestry and farmland are the main critical loss areas. Farmland contributed sustainable soluble N, but the loading of soluble and organic N from grassland subbasins was much lower. Most P loading came from the areas covered with dense grassland and forestry, which cannot directly discharge to local water bodies. However, some NPS phosphorus from suburban farmland can directly discharge into adjacent water bodies. The interactions among nutrient loading, NDVI, and slope were also analyzed. This study confirmed that the integration of NPS modeling, geographic information systems, and remote sensing is needed to understand the interactive dynamics of NPS nutrient loading. Understanding the temporal-spatial variation of NPS nutrients and their correlations with land cover will help NPS pollution prevention and water quality management efforts. Therefore, the proposed method for evaluating NPS nutrient loading by land cover NDVI can be an effective tool for pollution evaluation and watersheds planning.     

A structural decomposition-based diagnosis method for dynamic process systems using HAZID information

A novel diagnosis method is proposed in this paper that uses the results of the blended HAZID analysis extended to the dynamic case of process systems controlled by operational procedures. The algorithm is capable of finding fault root causes in process systems using nominal and observed possible faulty operational procedure execution traces. The algorithm uses the structural decomposition of the process system and its component-level dynamic HAZID (P-HAZID) tables and executes the diagnosis component-wise by first decomposing the observed execution traces, and then assembling the diagnosis results. The exact structure of the algorithm is also discussed, followed by two case studies on which its operation is demonstrated.