农村环境监测的布点原则与指标优化研究

通过对农村环境污染特征分析,结合试点村庄的现场调研,确定了农村环境质量监测的点位布设原则,并以267个村庄环境质量监测结果为基础,结合城市现有监测指标,对农村环境质量的监测指标进行了优化,为构建农村环境质量监测技术体系奠定了良好基础。     

序贯数论优化法和侧影图进行河流优化布点

运用序贯数论优化法(SNTO)对监测点进行分类,同时根据分类结果,基于样本之间的相似性和差异性,构造一Rousseuw定义的函数并做侧影图,以确定各属类的最佳代表点,从而遴选出优化了的点位.     

Reallocating budgets among ongoing and emerging conservation projects

Conserving biodiversity and combating ecological hazards require cost-effective allocation of limited resources among potential management projects. Project priorities, however, can change over time as underlying social-ecological systems progress, novel priorities emerge, and management capabilities evolve. Thus, reallocation of ongoing investments in response to shifting priorities could improve management outcomes and address urgent demands, especially when additional funding is not available immediately. Resource reallocation, however, could incur transaction costs, require additional monitoring and reassessment, and be constrained by ongoing project commitments. Such complexities may prevent managers from considering potentially beneficial reallocation strategies, reducing long-term effectiveness. We propose an iterative project prioritization approach, based on marginal return-on-investment estimation and portfolio optimization, that guides resource reallocation among ongoing and new projects. Using simulation experiments in 2 case studies, we explored how this approach can improve efficacy under varying reallocation constraints, frequencies, costs, and rates of project portfolio change. Periodic budget reallocation could enhance the management of stochastically emerging invasive weeds in Australia and thus reduce the overall risk by up to 50% compared with a static budget. Reallocation frequency and the rate of new weed incursion synergistically increased the conservation gains achieved by allowing unconstrained reallocation. Conversely, budget reallocation would not improve the International Union for Conservation of Nature conservation status of threatened Australian birds due to slow rates of transition among conservation states; extinction risk could increase if portfolio reassessment is costly. Although other project prioritization studies may recommend periodic reassessment and reallocation, our findings revealed conditions when reallocation is valuable and demonstrated a structured approach that can help conservation agencies schedule and implement iterative budget-allocation decisions cost-effectively.     

基于FLACS的氢气检测器布置优化

采用某石化装置1∶1模型,以位于框架平台上的氢气分液罐泄漏为例,运用事故后果模拟软件FLACS构建计算流体力学模型并将氢气检测器设置为模型中的检测点,通过氢气泄漏及扩散过程数值模拟获得各检测点的氢气体积分数及响应时间,据此对氢气检测器的布置进行优化。主要研究成果有:1)提出氢气检测器探测效率的评价标准;2)明确工程中氢气检测器相对于潜在释放源的最优水平和竖向位置;3)给出花纹钢板和格栅板2种不同上层平台形式下氢气检测器的布置方案。     

基于改进多目标粒子群算法的航空器改航研究

针对影响航行安全的动态危险天气,提出了一种基于改进多目标粒子群算法的改航路径规划方法。首先,获取实时动态气象数据,利用栅格法对改航环境进行建模并采集危险天气区域初始边界点的历史气象数据。然后采用灰色预测模型对上述初始边界点坐标进行位置预测,进而建立改进后的实时动态环境模型。最后利用改进环境模型的多目标粒子群算法对改航路径进行动态规划。在考虑改航路径角度和距离等约束条件的基础上,确定了改航路径危险系数和距离最优的双目标函数。对中东部沿海某次短时危险天气下的航空器改航进行仿真分析,仿真结果表明改进后算法具有一定的有效性和可行性。     

烟气循环流化床（CFB-FGD）干法脱硫优化调整

本文分析了烟气循环流化床工艺的运行调节原理,针对电厂自身的特点,对吸收塔进出口烟温差及床层压降参数进行调整,提高了烟气循环流化床系统运行的经济性.最后根据此实践提出了系统运行中优化调整的可行性.     

Safety lessons and reflections following incinerator vent commissioning in a chemical plant; a case study of a complex socio-technical system

In a bulk chemical plant producing resins, a flashback from an incinerator through the vent system into the reactor hall occurred during commissioning of a newly installed vent header system. The original design of the vent header system was seriously flawed not being in line with current practice. Subsequently the vent header was re-designed into a rich/lean vent header system. This paper explores the reasons behind a number of incidents and near misses that occurred during both the commissioning of a vent header system and its recommissioning following system re-design. Furthermore, it reflects on some broader implications for approaches to safety around what can be recognised as complex socio-technical systems.     

河南省地表水环境监测断面优化的原则及其运用

提出和运用了地表水环境监测断面优化的原则,包括网络功能专一化、分类有序优化、监测断面高效、监测断面与监测频率同时优化、监测断面分级管理等。     

深水导管架平台外加电流阴极保护优化设计Ⅰ:单座辅助阳极

目的 以南海某200 m深水导管架平台为原型,研究外加电流单座辅助阳极在静态和动态海水条件下的导管架阴极保护电位分布及其变化规律。方法 采用一定比例缩小的导管架模型,对其施加外加电流阴极保护,研究不同条件下的阴极保护电位分布,以及电位分布的变化规律。结果 辅助阳极距离导管架模型越远,模型整体的阴极保护越均匀,反之,则越不均匀。导管架距离辅助阳极最近的区域,阴极保护电流密度最大,易出现过保护风险,而平台内部屏蔽严重区域和距离辅助阳极较远的水面附近导管架结构,阴极保护电位负移程度最小,易出现欠保护风险,这2个典型区域应当是阴极保护监测的重点位置。在相同保护电流密度和保护距离下,从静态到动态转换时,整座导管架表面的电位均呈现上升趋势,电位差值更大,分布更不均匀。随着阴极保护时间的延长,代表沉积层形成质量和覆盖程度的表观电阻率Rsr呈现初期快速增加、后期缓慢升高的趋势。海水流动会导致沉积层变薄,甚至脱落,使得动态海水环境中Rsr较同时期静态环境下的小。结论 在导管架模型的一侧放置一套辅助阳极,可实现整个模型的有效阴极保护。     

基于排队论的反无人机集群武器部署优化方法

目的 对多层防线中反无人机集群武器进行部署,得到同时满足来袭无人机集群指定突防概率条件下防空武器总数量最小化和拦截成本最低化的部署优化方法。方法 立足我国当前军事形势,采用效能分析中常用的排队论模型,将来袭无人机集群中的每个作战单元视为泊松流,对多层防线层层建模。将防空武器总数量和防御成本作为优化目标,提出了最小防空武器总数量的“理想区”模型和最低防御成本的“最优解”。结果 根据模型求解得到了无人机集群通过各层防线时的未被射击概率、最终突防概率和突防后密度,得到了满足指定突防概率为0.1的条件下,防空武器总数量最小和防御成本最低的组合。结论 在本文案例中,随着中程、近程防空武器数量的增加,无人机集群突防概率呈现出“前快后慢”的变化趋势,当远程、中程和近程防空武器数量分别为1、5、3套时,防空武器总数量最小,对单个来袭目标防御成本达到最低,为89.2万元,并且满足不大于0.1的来袭无人机集群突防概率要求。