基于外加电流阴极保护法的FPSO保护方案

目的 确定目标FPSO主船体结构全寿命期下外加电流阴极保护系统中的最优参数。方法 采用计算机软件数值模拟的方法,建立目标FPSO主船体结构外加电流阴极保护模型,研究外加电流阴极保护系统中辅助阳极位置、数量以及输出电流对目标FPSO保护状态的影响。结果 分别在距离目标FPSO船尾57、127、191、267 m,吃水深度为5.3、5.7、5.7、5.2 m处的左、右两舷侧上对称布置共8个辅助阳极,各个辅助阳极初期释放电流分别为7、6、6、6 A,外加电流阴极保护系统输出总电流以34.6 A/a线性增加,可使得全寿命期下目标FPSO主船体结构水下部分处于完全保护状态。结论 采用计算机软件数值模拟计算可以快速得到外加电流阴极保护系统参数与目标FPSO保护状态之间的关系,进而可得到阴极保护最优参数,这为后续在目标FPSO上使用外加电流阴极保护系统确立最优参数提供了理论依据。     

Economic benefits from food recovery at the retail stage: An application to Italian food chains

The food supply chain is affected by losses of products near to their expiry date or damaged by improper transportation or production defects. Such products are usually poorly attractive for the consumer in the target market even if they maintain their nutritional properties. On the other hand undernourished people face every day the problem of fulfilling their nutritional needs usually relying on non-profit organizations. In this field the food recovery enabling economic benefits for donors is nowadays seen as a coherent way to manage food products unsalable in the target market for various causes and thus destined to be discarded and disposed to landfill thus representing only a cost. Despite its obvious affordability the food recovery is today not always practiced because the economic benefits that could be achieved are barely known. The paper aims at presenting a deterministic mathematical model for the optimization of the supply chain composed by retailers and potential recipients that practice the food recovery, taking into account the benefits recognized to donors and the management costs of the food recovery. The model determines the optimal time to withdraw the products from the shelves as well as the quantities to be donated to the non-profit organizations and those to be sent to the livestock market maximizing the retailer profit. The results show that the optimal conditions ensuring the affordability of the food recovery strategy including the tax reliefs and cost saving for the retailers outperforms the profit achievable in absence of such a system.     

A Cooperative Approach to Reduce Water Pollution Abatement Cost in an Interjurisdictional Lake Basin

A cooperative approach via transfer fee was developed to improve the cost‐effectiveness of water pollution control in interjurisdictional lake basin management in China. Different from the existing literature that studies water quality trading and pollution reduction at micro levels (i.e., focusing on enterprises and firms), this article explores cooperative pollution reduction strategies from a macro level, targeting multiple jurisdictional regions. The merits of this new approach include: (1) improving the cost‐effectiveness of pollution reduction by making use of the cost differentiation in pollution reduction between industries and municipal sewage plants, and between different administrative areas; (2) managing payments for ecosystem services by horizontal transfer payment; and (3) incorporating the concepts of game, cooperation, coordination, and watershed‐based management in implementation. For empirical demonstration, a bilevel optimization model was built and calibrated using the 2005 data of the Lake Tai basin to work out the optimal solutions for cooperative chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction. Results show that policies based on this new approach can significantly reduce the overall COD abatement costs for the basin as well as the individual jurisdictional regions compared to the current practice.     

Optimal design of compact and connected nature reserves for multiple species

When designing a conservation reserve system for multiple species, spatial attributes of the reserves must be taken into account at species level. The existing optimal reserve design literature considers either one spatial attribute or when multiple attributes are considered the analysis is restricted only to one species. We built a linear integer programing model that incorporates compactness and connectivity of the landscape reserved for multiple species. The model identifies multiple reserves that each serve a subset of target species with a specified coverage probability threshold to ensure the species' long‐term survival in the reserve, and each target species is covered (protected) with another probability threshold at the reserve system level. We modeled compactness by minimizing the total distance between selected sites and central sites, and we modeled connectivity of a selected site to its designated central site by selecting at least one of its adjacent sites that has a nearer distance to the central site. We considered structural distance and functional distances that incorporated site quality between sites. We tested the model using randomly generated data on 2 species, one ground species that required structural connectivity and the other an avian species that required functional connectivity. We applied the model to 10 bird species listed as endangered by the state of Illinois (U.S.A.). Spatial coherence and selection cost of the reserves differed substantially depending on the weights assigned to these 2 criteria. The model can be used to design a reserve system for multiple species, especially species whose habitats are far apart in which case multiple disjunct but compact and connected reserves are advantageous. The model can be modified to increase or decrease the distance between reserves to reduce or promote population connectivity.     

城市旅游地景观格局演变与优化研究——以南京为例

城市旅游地景观格局是城市旅游与景观生态共同的研究热点。研究以南京为例,利用Arc GIS技术,以累积耗费距离及旅游地景观演化模型为分析手段,探讨了研究区自1991年以来的景观格局演变与优化问题。结果表明:(1)1991~2003年,旅游景观比重减少而非旅游景观增加;2003~2014年,旅游景观比重增加而非旅游景观递减。景观演化表现为先后台化再旅游化的特征。(2)河湖水面、公园与绿地、建设用地景观形状日趋规则化,林地、交通用地景观形状复杂度不断提升,景观破碎化程度加剧且多样性先上升后下降,表现出快速、高度城市化过程。(3)根据景观生态系统服务功能价值和空间作用,构建生态源地、生态廊道和生态节点等景观组分来加强生态网络的空间联系,提出格局优化方案。(4)非旅游型城市景观应进一步转变为典型旅游景观,以保持景观旅游化及旅游地景观演化的可持续性。     

基于人工免疫的柔性EMI滤波器自动进化设计研究

针对电力电子系统的EMI滤波器设计中的问题,开展基于神经网络和遗传算法的柔性滤波器电路自动进化设计研究,综合多项EMI滤波器设计目标进行自动优化设计,并在实际应用中实现了柔性滤波器这一目标。     

基于农户经济和环境“双优”目标的粮食主产区化肥施用优化模拟分析——以邯郸地区小麦生产为例

我国目前面临着粮食供求紧平衡和化肥过量施用导致农业面源污染的严峻挑战。利用河北邯郸地区1026户小麦种植农户的调研数据,构建经济理性与环境可持续双目标下的农户化肥施用模型,并进行优化模拟分析,旨在探讨应该如何优化粮食主产区农户的化肥施用行为,以实现经济与环境的“双优”目标。结果表明：农户对化肥的认知和化肥价格是实现“双优”目标的关键因素。现阶段农户过高估计了化肥投入对粮食增产的效果,农户的预期化肥产出弹性显著高于化肥实际产出弹性,化肥使用效率偏低;当前粮食主产区化肥价格是模拟优化分析结果中最优化肥价格的一半左右,较低的化肥施用成本促使农户倾向高化肥投入以实现粮食增产。基于研究结果,提出了矫正农户施肥认知偏差、科学高效施肥和适当提高化肥价格水平、优化化肥使用结构等政策建议。     

数值模拟减压集流式可渗透反应墙技术修复地下水

使用可渗透反应墙（PRB）技术修复受污染地下水,当地下水污染羽宽度和深度过大时,PRB的开挖、填料与安装成本较高.为打破PRB技术这一局限性,开发了减压集流式可渗透反应墙技术,通过集流井、输水管道和布水廊道的共同作用缩小污染羽范围并将受污染地下水输送至PRB,通过非完整井减压吸水方式捕获较深的受污染地下水.首先采用地下水井流公式计算减压集流井的关键初始参数,随后进行数值模拟优化参数并确定其它重要参数.在MODFLOW中通过改变减压集流井的井径、井数量、井间距及井与PRB的距离等参数,探究不同参数变化对减压集流效果的影响规律.模拟结果表明在合理的减压集流参数设置下,该设施可有效调控PRB上游的地下水流场,缩小污染羽的范围,在设定条件下受污染地下水断面减小了约50%.该技术显著降低了PRB的规模,拓宽了PRB的应用范围,使其可以处理污染羽范围较大、污染深度大的地下水.     

基于XGBoost算法的WRF-Chem模式优化模拟

采用人工智能算法XGBoost结合大气化学模式WRF-Chem,利用北京地区大气污染物的模拟结果及站点监测数据,构建XGBoost统计预报算法模型,并对两种大气污染物（PM_2.5和O₃）进行优化模拟,同时分析其特征贡献要素.结果表明,该统计预报模型能够很好地优化大气化学模式模拟的大气污染物浓度,降低模拟误差,对于北京地区站点模拟浓度优化呈现出城区>近郊>远郊的优化特点,且算法模型对O₃浓度优化程度更高,优化后相关系数提高达128%.此外,通过特征要素的贡献量分析表明,CO是影响O₃优化的重要特征变量,城郊区特征贡献得分均高达1000以上,Q2（近地面2m比湿）是影响PM_2.5优化的重要气象特征变量,城郊区特征贡献得分分别为950和824.     

基于空气质量模式和数学规划模型的城市PM2.5达标策略——以临汾为例

为了改善城市空气质量,降低PM_2.5浓度,需要制定科学的控制策略,同时兼顾污染物减排量与减排成本效益.本文基于区域大气环境模型RegAEMS与数学规划模型,采用多目标遗传算法,探究城市大气PM_2.5污染的最优控制策略,并应用于临汾市（14类行业源、17个区域源）的PM_2.5浓度达标规划,实现污染物排放量最大和减排成本最小的双目标优化.结果表明,在PM_2.5平均浓度近200 μg/m³的重污染天气条件下,为达到PM_2.5浓度目标（75μg/m³）,临汾市最大污染物允许排放量为356.7t/d,最小减排成本为3.36亿元.NO_x、SO₂、NH₃、VOCs和一次颗粒物的减排量分别为98.1,49.9,44.3,155.7和105.5t/d,减排成本分别为11.7,6.8,6.2,5.5和3.5千万元.对VOCs、NO_x、PM_2.5、NH₃和SO₂减排潜力最大的行业分别为焦化源、移动源、扬尘源、农业源和民用燃烧源,分别占所有行业5种污染物减排量的21.6%、14.1%、11%、8.6%和3.8%.钢铁行业的减排成本最高（39%）;襄汾县的减排量最大,减排成本最高（达7218万元）.