内蒙古环境承载力与工业三废间关系的实证研究

在国内外学者对环境承载力与工业三废关系研究的基础上,探究了内蒙古环境承载力与工业三废间的关系.数据统计分析说明环境承载力与工业三废间存在长期稳定关系,但二者间不存在短期或长期的因果关系.实证分析说明近年来内蒙古环境承载力水平较低,但保持着稳步上升的趋势,缓解了工业三废带来的负外部效应.     

催化铁内电解法处理难降解有机废水

催化铁内电解法是一种新型的有效处理废水的方法。在传统的铁碳内电解中加入无机催化剂铜，扩大原电池的两极电位差，使更多的有机物得到还原。结果表明，催化铁内电解法可改善难降解有机废水的可生化性，使活性艳红染料废水的B/C比从0升高到0.15。运行成本低廉、预处理能耗低，催化剂铜经连续运行数月后未发生纯化现象，只需一次性投资。     

沙化区生态移民的沙化感知、社会影响和适应性策略

生态移民工程是中国政府为保护生态环境和缩减贫困人口实施的重要举措,让生态移民对气候变化产生的土地沙化有感知并尽快采取适应性策略,对防止生态移民成为“生态难民”有重要意义。本文基于社会影响理论和风险-处理能力-社会评价-适应(RCSA)的分析框架,使用在内蒙古自治区鄂尔多斯市和巴彦淖尔市调查的506户生态移民在土地沙化感知、社会影响与采取的适应性策略方面的调查数据,并使用Heckman两阶段模型和多分类Logit模型回归研究,发现:①沙化区生态移民对土地沙化的感知是移民对土地沙化采取适应性策略的先决条件,但并非感知到了土地沙化的生态移民就一定会采取适应性的防治措施。②沙化区的生态移民在新安置区受到的社会影响对移民是否有能力采取应对土地沙化的适应性策略有显著性的影响。③体现移民家庭风险处理能力的部分资产变量对移民的土地沙化感知以及采取的适应性策略有显著的正向影响。为更好地帮助生态移民减少气候变化、土地沙化带来的不利影响,沙化安置区基层政府除了让新搬迁来的生态移民积极增强资产能力外,还要帮助他们积极融入新的社区,拓宽宣传气候变化知识的渠道,增加宣传内容的多样性,引导生态移民了解应对土地沙化的技巧和方法,帮助移民减少土地沙化带来的经济损失。     

近40年青藏高原湖泊环境变化遥感分析研究

利用高分一号多光谱影像,提取高原上面积大于1 km2的湖泊,并结合两次全国湖泊调查数据集及气象资料,对1975年至2015年湖泊变化及其环境影响因素进行分析。研究结果表明：2015年青藏高原1 km2以上湖泊个数共计1210个,自1975年以来整体呈扩张趋势;雅鲁藏布江流域由于蒸发量的增大湖泊面积呈下降趋势;西藏内流区由于降水量的增加、蒸发量的减少和温度升高引起冰川融化,导致湖泊面积持续扩张。为青藏高原湖泊变化及对环境气候波动的响应等研究提供参考。     

2000年以来内蒙古生长季旱情变化遥感监测及其影响因素分析

为探讨内蒙古旱情状况及其影响因素,利用MODIS 16 d合成的植被指数产品数据MOD13A2和8 d合成的地表温度产品数据MOD11A2构建Ts-NDVI特征空间,计算温度植被干旱指数（TVDI）,基于内蒙古2000—2017年生长季每16 d的TVDI分析了近18年来内蒙古生长季旱情时空分布特征,结合气温和降水资料初步探讨了旱情变化的影响因素。结果表明：（1）2000—2017年内蒙古生长季TVDI平均值为0.6,重旱和中旱所占面积最大,其中2007年、2010年为旱情最为严重的年份。内蒙古干旱空间分异明显,西南部以轻旱为主,中部地区以中旱为主,大兴安岭以西的呼伦贝尔草原等地旱情严重。（2）近18年内蒙古生长季干旱程度呈现轻微加重趋势,年际变化值θ_slope介于-0.07~0.7之间,阿鲁科尔沁旗东北部至霍林河一带旱情加重趋势最为严重,阿荣旗和扎兰屯等农业生产地区旱情有轻微加重趋势。（3）2017年内蒙古生长季以区域性和局域性干旱为主,6月和9月干旱最为严重,呼伦贝尔草原和鄂尔多斯高原西部干旱发生频率高且程度重。（4）内蒙古干旱影响因子分析结果表明,TVDI值与气温呈正相关、与降水和坡度呈负相关、与小于1300 m的高程呈正相关、与大于1300 m的高程呈负相关关系。内蒙古生长季TVDI与气温和降水偏相关分析结果表明,锡林郭勒盟苏尼特左旗北部、呼伦贝尔鄂伦春自治旗和呼伦贝尔草原等地旱情与气温正相关关系较为显著（P<0.01）,锡林郭勒盟东北部干旱情况与降水负相关关系较为显著（P<0.01）,其中,气温对旱情的影响强于降水。     

蒙古高原北部Gun Nuur硅藻属种组成与分布特征

本文通过对蒙古高原北部表层沉积物中硅藻属种的鉴定,探讨硅藻属种的分布特征及对水环境变化的响应。Gun Nuur湖泊中共鉴定出2纲7科12属21种硅藻,以羽纹纲为主,Cymbella cistula、Amphora ovalis、Amphora baltica、Amphora ovalis var.pediculus等为相对优势种,且平均相对含量分别为24.4%、23.8%、16.9%、15.6%,其余属种均少于10.0%。优势硅藻种Cymbella cistula表明了Gun Nuur湖泊主要为淡水、偏碱性水体,pH值为8.0左右,距湖岸较近位置有大量的水生生物发育。Anomoeoneis costata和Anomoeoneis sphaerophora var.sphaerophora、Navicula oblonga反映出湖泊由于蒸发作用而导致水体咸化,湖泊矿化度升高,并且湖水属于Na-Ca/Cl-SO4型。在高纬度气候非常寒冷地区的湖泊中,硅藻生长受到严重的抑制作用。偏"胖"的特征有利于硅藻浮游以适应水体温度的变化,湖泊边沿结冰后向湖泊中心游动。湖泊在冰封后可以阻止风浪作用,并且在低于水温的季节中,冰封可以使湖泊水体在阳光照射条件下保持高于外部环境的温度而有利于硅藻的生长。广盐性、真静水性硅藻Epithemia intermedia反映了这种湖泊长期冰封下静水特征。     

寓环境保护于经济发展之中

本文阐述了实施可持续发展战略的历史必然性和必要性，并结合实际列举了实现经济与环境协调发展的实例，对于从事环境研究和环境管理人员有一定的指导意义。     

Effect of interspecific competition on functional properties of plants in mountain-steppe communities of the Gobi

The isotope ratios δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N and the contents of nitrogen, carbon, and mineral substances have been studied in the leaves of Ephedra sinica, Allium polyrhizum, and Stipa glareosa plants growing separately or together under arid conditions of the Gobi (Mongolia). The contents of nitrogen, mineral substances, and δ¹⁵N have proved to decrease when these species grow together, providing evidence that they compete for environmental resources. The nitrogen content decreases to the greatest extent in E. sinica due to the low competitiveness of this species. The direction of change in δ¹³C in E. sinica is opposite to that in A. polyrhizum and S. glareosa. Differences in physiological mechanisms of adaptation to stress between these species provides a basis for attributing them to different functional groups and for predicting the result of their competition upon changes in climatic conditions.     

Globalization of the Cashmere Market and the Decline of Large Mammals in Central Asia

As drivers of terrestrial ecosystems, humans have replaced large carnivores in most areas, and human influence not only exerts striking ecological pressures on biodiversity at local scales but also has indirect effects in distant corners of the world. We suggest that the multibillion dollar cashmere industry creates economic motivations that link western fashion preferences for cashmere to land use in Central Asia. This penchant for stylish clothing, in turn, encourages herders to increase livestock production which affects persistence of over 6 endangered large mammals in these remote, arid ecosystems. We hypothesized that global trade in cashmere has strong negative effects on native large mammals of deserts and grassland where cashmere‐producing goats are raised. We used time series data, ecological snapshots of the biomass of native and domestic ungulates, and ecologically and behaviorally based fieldwork to test our hypothesis. In Mongolia increases in domestic goat production were associated with a 3‐fold increase in local profits for herders coexisting with endangered saiga (Saiga tatarica).That increasing domestic grazing pressure carries fitness consequences was inferred on the basis of an approximately 4‐fold difference in juvenile recruitment among blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur)in trans‐Himalayan India. Across 7 study areas in Mongolia, India, and China's Tibetan Plateau, native ungulate biomass is now <5% that of domestic species. Such trends suggest ecosystem degradation and decreased capacity for the persistence of native species, including at least 8 Asian endemic species: saiga, chiru (Pantholops hodgsoni), Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus), snow leopard(Panthera uncia), khulan(Equus hemionus), kiang (E. kiang), takhi (E. przewalski), and wild yak (Bos mutus). Our results suggest striking yet indirect and unintended actions that link trophic‐level effects to markets induced by the trade for cashmere. Globalización del Mercado de Cachemira y la Declinación de Mamíferos Mayores en Asia Central     

Degradation and re-emergence of the commons: The impacts of government policies on traditional resource management institutions in China

In the vast majority of cases studied to date, rapid changes in indigenous resource management institutions and traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) have been reported with profound implications for indigenous livelihoods, biodiversity, and system resilience worldwide. In this case study, we examined how policy changes in China over the past 60 years have influenced indigenous resource management institutions designed to manage common pool pastoral systems in eastern Inner Mongolia. Based on semi-structured interviews (n = 91), focus group discussions (64 participants involved), and participant observation, we found that for over half a century rescaling efforts by the Chinese government shifted the focus to national level development planning, which led to the degradation of indigenous institutions that managed common pool pastoral systems in the region. However, we also highlight how local actors have used recent changes in government policies to revitalize traditional herding institutions. This provides a rare glimpse at the re-emergence of the commons from the bottom up.