不同粒径污泥生物质炭对水体中Zn污染的吸附效应研究

为了探究3种不同粒径的污泥生物质炭(S1:大粒径 0.165 mm;S2:中粒径为0.025～0.165 mm;S3:小粒径0.025 mm)对Zn的吸附效率和固化稳定的机理,以此为污泥生物质炭在水污染控制方面的应用提供科学依据.利用实验室模拟法,研究不同反应时间、溶液初始pH和重金属浓度对生物炭吸附效果的影响,并运用四步萃取法分析生物炭上Zn的吸附形态.结果表明:①生物炭在4 h左右达到吸附平衡,吸附率呈先增加后平缓的趋势,最终吸附量S1S2S3;②溶液初始浓度为0～2 mmol·L~(-1)时Zn~(2+)的吸附量呈线性增长趋势,但随溶液浓度超过2 mmol·L~(-1)时吸附量开始趋于饱和;③3种不同粒径生物炭的水溶性组分Zn分别占总萃取量的1.70%、5.02%和7.47%,可交换态组分分别占25.27%、32.35%和27.29%,酸溶性组分分别占35.06%、38.63%和27.90%,非生物利用组分分别占37.97%、24.00%和37.34%.④污泥生物质炭的动力学吸附特征更符合准二级动力学吸附模型,单位质量的污泥生物质炭粒径越小吸附量越大;⑤污泥生物质炭的等温吸附特征更符合Langmuir模型,小粒径的生物质炭最大吸附量最优;⑥在酸性条件下随着pH的上升污泥生物质炭的吸附率在逐渐增加,碱性条件下吸附率的增加可能是形成锌的络合物沉淀导致的;⑦Zn的吸附形态以酸溶性和非生物利用态为主,水溶性占比较小.污泥生物质炭对Zn的吸附以化学吸附为主,S1吸附的Zn酸溶性组分和非生物利用组分占比最大,吸附效果较为稳定.     

Fine and ultrafine particle-and gas-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons affecting southern Thailand air quality during transboundary haze and potential health effects

Distribution of PM_0.1,PM₁and PM_2.5particle-and gas-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) during the 2019 normal,partial and strong haze periods at a background location in southern Thailand were investigated to understand the behaviors and carcinogenic risks PM₁was the predominant component,during partial and strong haze periods,accounting for 45.1%and 52.9%of total suspended particulate matter,respectively,while during nor mal period the contribution...     

Detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using a high performance-single particle aerosol mass spectrometer

The real-time detection of the mixing states of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitro-PAHs in ambient particles is of great significance for analyzing the source, aging process, and health effects of PAHs and nitro-PAHs; yet there is still few effective technology to achieve this type of detection. In this study, 11 types of PAH and nitro-PAH standard samples were analyzed using a high performance-single particle aerosol mass spectrometer (HP-SPAMS) in lab studies. The identification principles ‘parent ions’ and ‘mass-to-charge (m/z) = 77’ of each compound were obtained in this study. It was found that different laser energies did not affect the identification of the parent ions. The comparative experiments of ambient atmospheric particles, cooking and biomass burning emitted particles with and without the addition of PAHs were conducted and ruled out the interferences from primary and secondary organics on the identification of PAHs. Besides, the reliability of the characteristic ions extraction method was evaluated through the comparative study of similarity algorithm and deep learning algorithm. In addition, the real PAH-containing particles from vehicle exhaust emissions and ambient particles were also analyzed. This study improves the ability of single particle mass spectrometry technology to detect PAHs and nitro-PAHs, and HP-SPAMS was superior to SPAMS for detecting single particles containing PAHs and nitro-PAHs. This study provides support for subsequent ambient observations to identify the characteristic spectrum of single particles containing PAHs and nitro-PAHs.     

颗粒活性炭对UASB处理垃圾渗滤液促进作用的研究

通过对比研究,考查了用UASB处理垃圾渗滤液时,投加颗粒活性炭对加速UASB反应器中污泥颗粒化进程、缩短启动时间、提高处理效果的影响。结果显示:启动时间缩短了近1/3,最大有机负荷提高近40%且出现了更大颗粒污泥,但COD去除效率没有明显提高。     

超细TiO2粒子的超滤分离及回用特性

针对TiO2超细粒子的超滤分离特性进行了试验研究,探讨了操作压力、膜面流速、TiO2投量、pH、电解质等参数条件对膜通量的影响规律及作用机理,证实了浓差极化及滤饼层阻力是影响通量变化的主导因素,在此基础上确定了适宜的超滤工艺条件及膜清洗方式.以甲基橙为降解基质分别测试了经混凝与超滤分离后的TiO2光催化活性,结果表明,超滤不仅可实现TiO2粒子与水的彻底分离,且分离后TiO2催化活性与初次使用相当.研究表明超滤用于悬浮光催化体系的固液分离及催化剂再用是可行的.     

基于精细化观测的沙尘通量分布特征

研究沙尘随高度的变化特征对揭示沙尘物质在近地层分布特征具有重要意义。为揭示0—80 m沙尘通量的垂直分布规律,在野外实测的基础上,选取2008年7月20日、8月7日、8月19日、8月29日4次沙尘天气,对贴地层（0—0.05 m）、中间层（0.05—2 m）、近地层（2—80 m）的沙尘通量进行对比分析。结果表明：贴地层（0—0.05 m）,沙尘通量随着高度的增高呈增加趋势,最大值为1604.29 g?mm^?2。中间层（0.05—2 m）,沙尘通量随高度分布的关系为幂函数关系,且随着高度的升高沙尘通量减小,决定系数R²值均在0.9以上。近地层（2—80 m）,沙尘通量随高度增加呈分段函数分布,32 m、48 m处为沙尘通量的拐点高度。由此看出,研究沙尘通量对阐明沙尘输送机制非常重要,不仅可加强对沙尘输送的定量研究,还可为沙尘输送的数值模拟提供重要参数。     

雨水管道沉积物沉淀特性及主要污染物含量分布

为研究雨水管道沉积物的沉淀特性和污染物含量特征,在武汉市对建筑(包括住宅小区)、道路和绿地3种用地类型的雨水管道沉积物进行采样和分析.沉速测试结果表明,高沉速颗粒在沉积物中所占比例较大,建筑和道路中沉积物的沉速分布相对稳定,建筑、道路和绿地中沉速大于3.00 cm·s-1的颗粒占比依次递减.粒径分析结果显示,沉积物粒径分布范围较广,大多集中在13~628μm范围内,且同种用地类型沉积物粒径分布差别很大.按沉降速度将每份沉积物样品分为7组,分析化学需氧量(COD)、总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)含量与沉降速度之间的联系.结果表明,沉速大于3.00 cm·s-1和小于0.025cm·s-1的沉积物中污染物含量较低,但高沉速沉积物中污染物总量较多.对沉积物样品整体而言,各用地类型COD含量从高到低依次为:绿地道路建筑;道路雨水管道沉积物中氮含量较低,其余两种用地中含量接近;建筑区雨水管道沉积物中磷含量较高,其余两种用地中含量接近;COD∶TN在(51~89)∶1之间,COD∶TP的值在(102~186)∶1之间.     

Characterization particulate matter from several Chinese cooking dishes and implications in health effects

Cooking fume produced by oil and food at a high temperature releases large amount of fine particulate matter(PM) which have a potential hazard to human health. This chamber study investigated particle emission characteristics originated from using four types of oil(soybean oil, olive oil, peanut oil and lard) and different kinds of food materials(meat and vegetable). The corresponding emission factors(EFs) of number, mass, surface area and volume for particles were discussed. Temporal variation of size-fractionated particle concentration showed that olive oil produced the highest number PM concentration for the entire cooking process. Multiple path particle dosimetry(MPPD) model was performed to predict deposition in the human respiratory tract. Results showed that the pulmonary airway deposition fraction was the largest. It was also found that particles produced from olive oil led to the highest deposition. We strongly recommend minimizing the moisture content of ingredients before cooking and giving priority to the use of peanut oil instead of olive oil to reduce human exposure to PM.     

兰州主城区大气颗粒物质量浓度及健康风险

分别在2013年春季3月23日~3月29日和冬季12月15日~12月21日对兰州市主城区5个采样点进行采样,每天每个采样点采集8个样品,共采集有效样品560个.通过实验室分析和重金属健康风险评价,结果显示：兰州市主城区≤ 10μm颗粒物中,主要分布在5.8~10.0μm （春、冬季）、1.1~3.3μm （春季）和0.65~3.3μm （冬季）范围内,Pb在PM_3.3~4.7（一级支气管）中的质量浓度最大,分别为0.2352ug/m³（春季）和0.2177ug/m³（冬季）,Cd作为一种致癌重金属在PM_9.0~5.8、PM_4.7~1.1均被检出.儿童、成年男性、成年女性的非致癌风险值HZ在春季和冬季分别为0.842、0.360、0.345和0.842、0.326、0.361,低于1不存在非致癌的风险,致癌风险值RIS在10^-6~10^-4的范围内,不存在致癌风险,但儿童RIS值较高,对儿童的健康状况的影响,应受到社会群体的重视.     

粒径和温度对玉米秸秆生物碳吸附锶的耦合影响

以玉米秸秆为原材料,在350℃下采用限氧裂解法制备了4种粒径的生物碳(BC-9.31、BC-20.26、BC-71.07、BC-101.90,数字代表样品的中值径,单位μm),对比研究了15℃、25℃、35℃、45℃下生物碳对锶的吸附行为,旨在阐明生物碳粒径和溶液温度对生物碳吸附锶的耦合影响。结果表明:生物碳粒径和溶液温度对等温吸附曲线的基本特征影响较小,Freundlich模型能较好地拟合吸附过程(R2=0.915~0.997,N=0.513~0.745);生物碳吸附锶是以熵驱动为主的物理吸附过程,熵变ΔS为75.66~99.43 J/(mol·K),焓变ΔH为18.18~25.84 k J/mol;生物碳对锶的吸附性能大体与溶液温度呈正相关,与颗粒粒径呈负相关,同时颗粒粒径与溶液温度存在耦合影响;生物碳粒径越小,锶吸附过程受温度影响越小;温度越高,锶吸附受粒径影响越小。