几种厌氧颗粒污泥的性质分析

颗粒污泥是存在于厌氧反应器中具有自我平衡的微生态系统。颗粒污泥的形成有利于有机物的降解,增强反应器的运行稳定性。本文通过对几种工业化运行的厌氧反应器中生长的颗粒污泥的分析,比较了在各种运行条件下颗料污泥的特征,并阐述了颗粒污泥的形成、生长与各种运行条件的关系。     

Impact of dynamic distribution of floc particles on flocculation e ect

Polyaluminum chloride (PAC) was used as coagulant and suspended particles in kaolin water. Online instruments including turbidimeter and particle counter were used to monitor the flocculation process. An evaluation model for demonstrating the impact on the flocculation effect was established based on the multiple linear regression analysis method. The parameter of the index weight of channels quantitatively described how the variation of floc particle population in different size ranges cause the decrement of turbidity. The study showed that the floc particles in different size ranges contributed differently to the decrease of turbidity and that the index weight of channel could excellently indicate the impact degree of floc particles dynamic distribution on flocculation effect. Therefore, the parameter may significantly benefit the development of coagulation and sedimentation techniques as well as the optimal coagulant selection.     

Element and mineral characterization of dust emission from the saline land at Songnen Plain, Northeastern China

Recent observations of Asian dust storms show an eastern expansion of the source area to degraded lands, where dust emissions have been little studied. The dust concentrations over the saline land of the western Songnen Plain (SSL), Northeastern China, are circumstantially higher than those from the northwestern Chinese deserts. These concentrations are sensitive to the surface soil conditions and wind velocity on the ground. The dust samples collected during dust storm events on the SSL contain abundant Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, Fe and Ti, as well as toxic elements such as Cu, V, Zn and Ba. Individual particle analysis reveals that fine saline particles (< 10 μm in diameter) on the saline land, consisting largely of carbonate, halite and sulfate together with lithogenic minerals such as SiO₂ and aluminosilicate, are eventually uplifted during the interval from spring to autumn. The predominantly fine saline particles uplifted from the SSL are likely transported eastward by the winter monsoon circulation and westerlies. Recent degradation of saline lands in Northeastern China would not only increase the frequency of dust storm events in the downwind area, but also might change the chemical composition of the Asian dust emissions.     

机动车细微/超细颗粒物数浓度排放因子隧道实测研究

选取澳洲城市某公交车专用隧道连续4dSMPS监测颗粒物数据,并根据隧道内交通、风速实测数据,计算出隧道内机动车排放各粒径范围细微/超细颗粒物数浓度单车排放因子,并根据每10min间隔的柴油/CNG公交车混合比,采用最小二乘法得出两种车型的综合排放因子2.61×1014个.辆-1.km-1.通过多元回归分析计算颗粒物粒径谱排放因子发现,柴油公交车主要排放积聚态颗粒物;CNG公交车主要排放核模态颗粒物,柴油公交车和CNG公交车总颗粒物排放因子分别为3.96×1014个.辆-1.km-1和9.33×1013个.辆-1.km-1.     

Impact of dynamic distribution of floc particles on flocculation effect

Polyaluminum chloride (PAC) was used as coagulant and suspended particles in kaolin water. Online instruments including turbidimeter and particle counter were used to monitor the flocculation process. An evaluation model for demonstrating the impact on the flocculation effect was established based on the multiple linear regression analysis method. The parameter of the index weight of channels quantitatively described how the variation of floc particle population in different size ranges cause the decrement of turbidity. The study showed that the floc particles in different size ranges contributed differently to the decrement of turbidity and that the index weight of channel could excellently indicate the impact degree of floc particles dynamic distribution on flocculation effect. Therefore, the parameter may significantly benefit the development of coagulation and sedimentation techniques as well as the optimal coagulant selection.     

Size distribution and di use pollution impacts of PAHs in street dust in urban streams in the Yangtze River Delta

Particles of dust washed o streets by stormwater are an important pathway of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) into urban streams. This article presented a comprehensive assessment of the size distribution of PAHs in street dust particles, the potential risks of the particles in urban streams, and the sources and sinks of PAHs in the stream network. This assessment was based on measurements of 16 PAHs from the USEPA priority list in street dust particles and river sediments in Xincheng, China. The content of total PAHs ranged from 1629 to 8986 g/kg in street dust particles, where smaller particles have a higher concentrations. Approximately 55% of the total PAHs were associated with particles less than 250 m which accounted for 40% of the total mass of street dust. The PAH quantities increased from 2.41 to 46.86 g/m2 in the sequence of new residential, rising through main roads, old town residential, commercial and industrial areas. The sediments in stream reaches in town were found to be sinks for street dust particle PAHs. The research findings suggested that particle size, land use and the hydrological conditions in the stream network were the factors which most influenced the total loads of PAH in the receiving water bodies.     

Detonation flows in aluminium particle gas suspensions,inhomogeneous in concentrations

A physical and mathematical model of the reduced kinetics is presented describing heterogeneous detonation in suspensions non-uniform in particle concentration. The model is based on the heterogeneous media approaches, semi-empirical laws of ignition and combustion, and data on the dependence of the detonation velocity on particle concentration. Formation of suboxides and incomplete combustion of aluminum are taken into account integrally. The dependence of the heat release of chemical reactions and the fraction of unburnt particles on the initial composition is determined from the solution of the stationary problem of the structure of the detonation wave. In the calculations of unsteady detonation flows, it is supposed to solve an additional equation for the spatial distribution of initial concentrations. The problems of initiation and development of cellular detonation in flat channels in suspensions of micron-sized aluminum particles are studied. Dependences of the cell size on particle concentration in uniform suspensions are determined. The flow patterns of cellular structures, the forms of the leading front, and the propagation velocities in channels with longitudinal or transversal gradients of particle concentration are analyzed.     

导线接续管钢套对放线滑车的冲击计算方法及接触过程分析*

为解决输电线路放线施工过程中常见的导线接续管钢套对放线滑车的冲击问题,构建由导线、钢套及滑车等部件组成的多体运动系统,提出适用于各类情况的导线、钢套与滑车的接触判断方法。根据各部件的运动关系,给出各个质点的作用力表达式,并通过钢套长度约束、钢套与滑车的接触约束等隐式方程提出钢套单元内力、滑车对钢套接触力的计算方法。基于有限质点法形成可分析钢套对滑车冲击作用的多体运动系统计算方法,并结合张力放线施工实际,对不同悬挂长度下钢套冲击滑车过程中接触力、牵引力进行计算分析;针对影响接续管钢套性能的主要因素,完成6种因素下钢套通过放线滑车运动过程组合工况的计算。结果表明:导线张力、张力角度、牵引角度对钢套与滑车的接触力有较大影响。提出的钢套对滑车冲击计算方法可为接续管钢套及滑车的精细化结构设计提供更为准确的参考。     

尾矿砂介质渗流过程诱发声发射信号特征试验研究*

为了对渗流状态进行预测预报,从而预防渗透破坏事故的发生,基于地下水位上升、不同尾矿砂粒径以及渗流速度诱发的弹性波信号,采用声发射技术对尾矿砂介质的渗流状态进行监测。由800,1 100,1 400 mm 3种不同水头高度（流速）下的水流分别渗入0.1~0.25,0.25~0.5,0.5~1 mm以及混合粒径的尾矿砂介质中,模拟尾矿坝渗流,监测渗流过程的AE信号,分析液面上升、不同粒径尾矿砂颗粒以及不同流速下的渗流AE信号特征。结果表明:在试验所选用的几组粒径中,流速相同时,粒径较大的尾矿砂渗流产生的AE事件数量多、幅值大,即粒径越大,尾矿砂渗流过程的AE信号越强;同一粒径下,流速越小,渗流产生的AE信号幅值越小,AE事件数越少,即流速越小,尾矿砂渗流过程的AE信号越弱;液面上升过程中,在液面位置处产生的AE信号最强,且AE信号随液面位置与传感器距离而变化,越接近传感器AE信号越强,这表明AE技术能够较为准确地监测渗流过程中液面上升。研究结果可为尾矿坝渗流监测提供理论与技术支持。     

不同粒径易自燃煤常温氧化实验研究*

为探究易自燃煤在常温条件下的氧化特性,自行设计煤常温封闭氧化实验装置,采用实验研究与回归分析2种方法,分析易自燃煤发生氧化反应的气体变化过程,探究3种粒径煤样在20 ℃有限空间内的耗氧与产气特征。结果表明:易自燃煤样在16 d常温封闭氧化过程中,容器内O2体积浓度呈指数衰减、CO和CO2体积浓度呈指数增长的变化规律;在0.06~0.83 mm范围内,粒径越大,易自燃煤耗氧速率越大,CO和CO2产生速率则先增大后减小;介于中间的粒径为0.13~0.25 mm易自燃煤氧化反应最强烈,更容易发生氧化。研究结果对揭示生产环境温度下煤粒粒径对煤自燃的影响有一定的意义。