热脱附法快速分析大气细颗粒物中非极性有机物

本研究改进了传统有机样品前处理步骤,将大气细颗粒物样品直接装填于TD管并与气相色谱联用的自动化热脱附装置,建立的新型热脱附(thermo desorption,TD)与气相色谱/质谱(GC/MS)联用方法,对72种非极性有机物(non-polar organic compounds,NPOCs),包括34种多环芳烃(polylicycle aromatic hydrocarbon,PAHs)、1种苯并噻吩、27种(C_(10)~C_(34))烷烃(alkanes)、5种霍烷(hopanes)和5种甾烷(steranes)化合物进行定量分析.优化了承载样品装填方式、热脱附条件和进样模式等参数.结果表明,热脱附-气相色谱/质谱方法对多环芳烃、正构烷烃、霍烷和甾烷的检出限分别为0.01~1.0、0.1~8.0和0.50~2.0 ng·m~(-3),标定曲线线性相关系数在0.9以上.热脱附效率分别为:多环芳烃95%~100%、正构烷烃81%~100%、霍烷和甾烷83.1%~100%.与传统溶剂超声萃取的方法差异性比较结果表明,两种方法分析结果的偏差基本小于30%,在可接受范围内.对临安和上海PM_(2.5)中的痕量NPOCs的定量分析表明,采样期间两地大气PM_(2.5)中NPOCs以烷烃为主,其次为PAHs.特征比值法分析结果表明,大气细颗粒物污染主要来自化石燃料燃烧和煤炭燃烧.     

Atmospheric particle-bound polycyclic aromatic compounds over two distinct sites in Pakistan: Characteristics, sources and health risk assessment

Much attention is drawn to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons（PAHs） as an air pollutant due to their toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic properties. Therefore, to understand the levels, seasonality, sources and potential health risk of PAHs in two distinct geographical locations at Karachi and Mardan in Pakistan, total suspended particle（TSP） samples were collected for over one year period. The average total PAH concentrations were 31.5 ± 24.4 and 199 ± 229 ng/m³ in Karachi and Mardan, re...     

Exploring the impact of new particle formation events on PM2.5 pollution during winter in the Yangtze River Delta, China

New particle formation（NPF） events are an increasingly interesting topic in air quality and climate science. In this study, the particle number size distributions, and the frequency of NPF events over Hefei were investigated from November 2018 to February 2019. The proportions of the nucleation mode, Aitken mode, and accumulation mode were 24.59%,53.10%, and 22.30%, respectively, which indicates the presence of abundant ultrafine particles in Hefei. Forty-six NPF events occurred during the obser...     

Reaction zone structures and propagation mechanisms of flames in stearic acid particle clouds

Reaction zone structures and propagation mechanisms of two representative flames established in stearic acid (CH₃(CH₂)₁₆CO₂H) particle clouds have been investigated. The reacting zone structure was examined by using a micro-electrostatic probe and a high-speed schlieren system. A distinct difference was observed in the ion current fluctuations recorded across the two representative flames propagating through the clouds of the same total mass density of particles and different mass densities of the particles smaller than 60 μm in diameter. When the mass density of smaller particles was high, a single peak was recorded in the ion current fluctuation. On the other hand, when the mass density of smaller particles was low, multi-peaks of various heights and widths were recorded. In the former case, the single peak was considered to be attributable to a unitary and a relatively thin flame started burning in vapor generated by the evaporation of smaller particles in the preheat zone. The flame propagation mechanism in this case was inferred to be similar to that of a usual hydrocarbon–air premixed flame, although the reaction zone thickness is much larger than that of the premixed flame. In the latter case, the multi peaks of various shapes were considered to be attributable to strong combustion at blue spots far behind the schlieren front. The flame propagation in this case was inferred to be supported by the heat release due to combustion at the blue spots.     

北京奥林匹克公园地表颗粒物粒度特征分析

研究了北京市奥林匹克公园2012年10月和11月4次采集的地表颗粒物的粒度特征,结果表明,奥体公园整体以中小粒径76~830μm的颗粒物为主.人流量较大的区域颗粒物较粗,而有车辆通过或工地附近的区域颗粒物以粒径<300μm为主且更易在中等车流量的道路累积.说明人流量对道路地表颗粒物的组成影响有限,交通流量、建筑施工行为是影响城市公园颗粒物组成的重要因素.雨前干燥期影响颗粒物组成:随着雨前干燥期(≤15 d)的增加,粒径>300μm的颗粒物地表累积量不断下降,粒径<150μm的累积量不断上升,而150~300μm粒径范围的颗粒物受干燥期的影响不明显.道路的材质明显影响颗粒物的累积,与石材路面相比,地表颗粒物更容易在公园沥青路面累积,可以通过改进公园道路的设计,如采用石材路面,降低道路的粗糙度,从而减少颗粒物对公园水体的污染.     

PM_(2.5)细颗粒物捕集设备研究应用现状

PM2.5细颗粒物因其粒径小、吸附能力强、环境影响大,同时捕集困难而成为备受世界各国关注的大气环境问题,我国也将PM2.5作为空气质量标准的一项新指标。结合现有的标准和技术条件,对PM2.5细颗粒物有高效捕集效果的新型袋式除尘器、湿式电除尘器、电凝并器、电—袋混合式除尘器,特别是无机膜过滤器的特点、研究应用现状及存在问题进行了概述。     

烧结多孔管的制作及其沸腾传热研究

目的研究烧结多孔管表面多孔层的制造工艺,并对铜粉烧结多孔层表面的传热性能进行测定。方法利用烧结模具在铜管外面烧结铜粉层,并通过实验计算出多孔烧结管的热通量和强化换热系数。结果铜粉烧结后的铜管在酒精中的强化传热效果达到了光管的10倍左右。结论烧结铜粉粒径越小,烧结管的热通量越大,其传热性能越好。     

OSA剩余污泥超声波处理试验研究

分别采用不同超声功率、超声时间及脉冲比的超声波处理OSA工艺产生的剩余污泥,研究超声作用对细胞内容物的释放、酶活和污泥粒径的影响。研究结果表明,声能密度越大、超声处理时间越长,污泥被破坏程度越大,释放出的有机物浓度也就越高;较低的声能密度在短时间内可以促进微生物脱氢酶活性。从总体上看超声作用会降低微生物的脱氢酶活性和碱性磷酸酶活性;超声处理在较短时间内即可实现对污泥絮状结构的解体,此后污泥颗粒的粒径分布保持相对稳定状态。     

基于船载走航气溶胶质谱技术的海洋气溶胶研究

利用船载走航单颗粒气溶胶质谱仪(SPAMS)对东南沿海海洋气溶胶进行在线观测,获得了近岸海区大气气溶胶化学组成分布特性,并对气溶胶谱特征及其来源进行分析.结果表明:从近岸到远海,气溶胶的浓度呈下降趋势;在近岸海区气溶胶主要受港口及码头周边的汽车、船舶及燃煤等工业排放源的影响;随着离陆地距离的增加,海源性气溶胶的比重上升;海洋气溶胶在观测范围内呈单峰分布,峰值粒径在0.5μm左右,大多数颗粒主要集中在0.2~0.8μm的粒径段;近岸气溶胶元素碳谱峰强,正谱图中K~+元素具有很强的谱峰,负离子谱中HSO_4~-谱峰信号明显,但缺少NO_3~-和NO_2~-谱峰信号;远海气溶胶中元素碳的谱峰强度明显降低,正谱图中Na~+的谱峰很强,并出现Mg~+、Ca~+和NaCl~+的谱峰信号;负离子谱出现了明显的海洋生物特征气溶胶甲基磺酸MSA~-、CN~-、O~-和HSO_4~-等的谱峰信息.表明该观测海区的气溶胶组成复杂,同时受陆源排放气溶胶和海源气溶胶的影响.     

燃煤电厂湿法脱硫对细颗粒物的脱除特性

应用DGI承重撞击器对四台燃煤机组湿法脱硫前、后细颗粒物进行采集,分析细颗粒物的粒径分布、元素组成以及脱硫系统的脱除效率.结果表明:脱硫前细颗粒物粒径峰值出现在0.20~0.40 μm处,脱硫后峰值出现在0.20~0.30 μm处.经过湿法脱硫系统后ρ(PM_2.5)、ρ(PM₁)、ρ(PM_0.5)、ρ(PM_0.2)出现不同程度的增长,平均增长率分别为13.28%、19.57%、28.79%、33.51%.分粒径颗粒物中ρ(Si)、ρ(Al)在脱硫前、后均随着颗粒物粒径的减小呈递减趋势,并且脱硫后ρ(Si)、ρ(Al)均有不同程度的降低,ρ(Fe)随颗粒物粒径的减小呈增加趋势,表现出一定的富集特性;湿法脱硫后Ca在PM₁中的质量浓度出现明显的增长,ρ(Ca)由18.86~51.47 μg/m3增至41.87~84.83 μg/m3. Si、Al是PM_2.5中的主要元素,经过湿法脱硫后ρ(Si)、ρ(Al)由59%~72%降至43%~59%;而Ca在PM_2.5中表现出相反的变化趋势,ρ(Ca)由8%~13%升至17%~26%.