TRANSPORT OF ROAD-SURFACE SEDIMENT THROUGH EPHEMERAL STREAM CHANNELS1

ABSTRACT: Since the majority of road drainage points in western Washington and Oregon enter small, often ephemeral streams rather than large, fish-bearing waters, impact of road-surface sediment on biota in permanent streams depends, to a large extent, on transport through these small watercourses. A series of experimental additions of road-surface sediment was made to two ephemeral streams to examine the downstream transport of this material as a function of discharge and channel characteristics. These small streams were found to store large amounts of sediment washed from road surface. In no instance did either stream transport more than 45 percent of the added material to their mouths, distances of 95 and 125 m. Larger-sized sediment particles were delivered at a lower rate than finer material. Added sediment <0.063 mm in size was transported efficiently through the systems at all but the lowest flows tested. Material between 0.5 and 0.063 mm and from 2.0 to 0.5 mm in size were retained at progressively higher rates, with sediment in the coarser size category never exceeding a delivery of 10 percent of the added material. There were significant differences in the transport of sediment in the two larger size categories between the two streams. These differences were due to a much greater amount of woody debris in the stream with the lower delivery rates, which acted to trap and hold sediment, as well as a slightly longer and less steep channel.     

黏性颗粒在滤料表面沉积的动态模拟及规律

为研究颗粒黏性对过滤除尘性能的影响,分析了颗粒沉积过程的受力情况,应用颗粒流计算软件PFC2D对颗粒在滤料表面的沉积行为进行了数值模拟。结果表明:颗粒形成粉尘层的过程中主要受到风流力、惯性力等压缩力和范德华力、滚动摩擦力偶矩等压缩阻力的作用,颗粒黏性的增加,会使颗粒间滚阻系数和摩擦系数显著增加;PFC可实现粉尘颗粒在滤料表面沉积过程的可视化,得到不同黏性颗粒在滤料表面的沉积形态,滚阻系数或摩擦系数越大,粉尘层孔隙率越大,过滤阻力越小,其中,摩擦系数的影响作用弱于滚阻系数。     

Characteristics and potential human health hazards of charged aerosols generated by high-voltage power lines

We investigated the characteristics of charged aerosols produced by high-voltage power lines (HVPLs) to explore the effects on respiratory disease incidence among those who handle HVPLs. Charged aerosol currents and charged aerosol concentrations were measured over 24?h at 12 sites. Aerosol current effective levels were 2.7 times higher compared to exposed and control sites. This pattern of relative enhancement at exposed sites was seen consistently in all measurements and the difference was 1.7 higher at exposed sites. Correlation analysis among all important variables revealed strong positive correlations between currents and concentration, currents and magnetic field, humidity and concentration, and humidity and particles of 10?µm or less (PM₁₀), while negative correlations were observed between charged aerosol concentrations and wind velocity and between wind velocity and humidity. Estimated production of charged aerosols from HVPLs found that people who work with HVPLs are highly likely to be exposed to charged aerosols.     

不同粒度煤的瓦斯解吸扩散规律实验研究

为了证实和完善极限粒度理论,制备了煤粒度毫米级至厘米级(>10 mm)的5种粒度煤样,利用H-Sorb 2600T高温高压气体吸附分析仪对不同粒度的煤样进行等温吸附-解吸实验,并采用动扩散系数模型计算了煤粒瓦斯解吸扩散系数,分析不同粒度煤的扩散系数变化特征。研究结果表明:粒度毫米级煤样单位瓦斯解吸量和瓦斯解吸率随粒度的增大呈现逐渐减小的趋势;粒度厘米级煤样单位瓦斯解吸量和瓦斯解吸率随粒度的增大降幅较小;煤粒度在毫米级范围内,初始有效扩散系数D0e和平均有效扩散系数Dae随粒度的增大快速下降;煤粒度为厘米级时,初始有效扩散系数D0e和平均有效扩散系数Dae随粒度的增大基本保持不变;极限粒度理论正确可靠,煤的极限粒度小于10 mm。     

空调通风管道中细颗粒物凝并规律研究

基于颗粒群平衡模型和布朗扩散作用对空调通风管道中细颗粒物的凝并规律进行了研究。通过对不同入口处细颗粒物的体积分数和入口风速对细颗粒物凝并现象的数值模拟分析,得到的主要结论为细颗粒物的体积分数和入口风速对于管道中细颗粒物的凝并具有显著影响。在布朗扩散作用下的细颗粒物凝并现象主要发生在粒径小于1μm的颗粒,当粒径大于1μm时,布朗扩散作用对于颗粒的凝并无明显影响。     

温度对E-D厌氧反应器处理餐厨垃圾效能及污泥特性的影响

考察了不同温度下新型E-D厌氧反应器处理餐厨垃圾的效能,并从污泥的粒径分布、金属离子含量等角度分析了反应器内污泥理化特性的变化。结果表明,在进水COD为5 000 mg/L、HRT为24 h、温度为25~30℃时,E-D反应器对餐厨垃圾COD的平均去除率在90%以上。当温度降低到20℃后,COD去除率仅为77%左右,出水COD高达1 000 mg/L以上,且出水中乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、异丁酸、戊酸的含量分别达到了287.1,546.7,89.8,156.8,93.4 mg/L;颗粒污泥中钙、镁含量分别减少为21.84,5.14 mg/L;其表面积平均粒径、体积平均粒径减少为97.9,333.3μm。这表明温度为20℃,对颗粒污泥的稳定性造成了负面影响,产甲烷菌的活性受到抑制,导致效能降低。     

适用异位淋洗修复技术的铬污染土壤条件探究

土壤理化特性、污染物分布情况、污染物存在形态和淋洗剂类型均为影响异位淋洗技术的关键因素。针对两种类型的铬污染土壤开展了异位淋洗对比试验,结果表明:当污染土壤中粗颗粒物料(砾石、砂砾、粗砂和中粗砂)质量分数超过70%,总铬和六价铬在细颗粒物料(细砂和粉土)中含量大于其总含量的60%,且水溶态和弱酸提取态铬占比超过50%时,仅以去离子水作为淋洗剂,粗颗粒物料的六价铬去除率即可达到70%。     

许昌市街道灰尘重金属含量及其粒径效应

对许昌市街道灰尘样品进行了重金属含量和粒度测试,研究了重金属在各粒径上的富集规律及其原因。结果表明:许昌市街道灰尘主要以粉砂为主(平均为57.62%),砂粒次之(平均值为25.18%),粘粒含量最少(平均值为17.21%)。街道灰尘中Cr、Cu、Zn、Pb、Mn、Ni和Co含量范围分别为60.9—277.4μg?g~(-1)、15.5—116.4μg?g~(-1)、76.5—398.7μg?g~(-1)、25.1—63.7μg?g~(-1)、356—519μg?g~(-1)、9.0—25.6μg?g~(-1)和7.9—10.4μg?g~(-1),平均值分别为96.8±42.7μg?g~(-1)、35.4±23.8μg?g~(-1)、145.3±67.2μg?g~(-1)、41.9±10.4μg?g~(-1)、408±35.7μg?g~(-1)、18.5±4.1μg?g~(-1)和9.0±0.7μg?g~(-1)。Zn、Pb、Cu和Cr的平均值均高于土壤背景值,分别为背景值的2.42倍、2.14倍、1.80倍和1.52倍,污染较重。而Mn、Ni和Co值富集程度较低,污染较轻。研究发现,Cu、Pb、Zn和Cr与50—100μm粗粉砂相关性显著,Mn和Ni与10—50μm细粉砂相关性较高,但其含量并未随着粒径的进一步减小而增强;而Co与10μm的粘粒组分相关性较强,其粒径效应明显。街道灰尘中不同重金属含量粒径效应的不同可能与重金属的吸附作用和同晶替换作用的相对强弱有关。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定大气颗粒物中微量元素及铂族元素

大气颗粒物样品采集量较少,一般只有5~10mg左右,其中铂族元素含量很低并且受到Cu、Ni、Cd、Zr、Hf等元素的严重干扰,直接测定误差很大,必须要进行分离富集。因此,同时测定其中的微量元素及铂族元素非常困难。本文利用HF和HNO3在封闭溶样装置中对大气颗粒物样品进行消解,样品完全消解后,分取约1/4的样品溶液,以Ir作为内标元素等离子体质谱法测定微量元素,然后将剩余样品通过Dowex,50W X8阳离子树脂和P507萃淋树脂混合交换柱,分离基体元素及干扰元素,以Ir为内标等离子体质谱法测定Pt、Pd、Rh三个铂族元素以及Re和Au。实现了一次溶样同时测定大气颗粒物中的微量元素、稀有分散元素及铂族元素。国际标样结果稳定可靠。