Passive sampling of PAHs in indoor air in Nepal

PAHs were sampled in ten homes in the Makwanpur region, Nepal. SPMDs and moss bags (Sphagnum girgensohnii) were used as passive samplers. Soot particles on the SPMD surfaces were also analyzed for PAHs. The overall PAH concentrations in SPMDs were significantly higher than those in moss bags. Total PAH mean concentrations of ten houses were 535μg/g lipid for SPMDs and 7.2 μg/g moss (dw) for moss bags. Ratios of phenanthrene/anthracene in indoor SPMDs and particulate matter varied from 2.9 to 3.5 and ratios of fluoranthene/pyrene varied from 1.1 to 1.4. The values for moss bags were respectively 1.7–3.6 and 0.8–2.4. These ratios indicate that the PAHs are from combustion origin. The PAH concentrations in ambient air were estimated as B(a)P TEQs and they were 17–64 times higher than acceptable limit for Finnish community air. Based on PAH levels in the gas phase (SPMD) we may expect PAHs to have an impact on respiratory disease prevalence in Nepalese villages. Both of the sampling methods were feasible in the difficult conditions under which the study was performed.     

不同粒径和不同浓度清洁疏浚物对2种海洋微藻生长的影响

采用室内模拟试验研究了不同粒径和不同浓度悬浮清洁疏浚物对2种常见海洋微藻小球藻（Chlorella sp.）和新月菱形藻（Nitzschia closterium）生长的影响.结果表明,在8d的试验周期里,与对照组相比,不同浓度清洁疏浚物对2种海洋微藻生长的影响均达极显著水平（P＜0.01）.在相同粒径范围内,悬浮清洁疏浚物质量浓度为1～7g·L-1时,其对微藻生长的抑制作用随浓度升高而增加.随悬浮清洁疏浚物粒径的减小,2种海洋微藻的细胞密度呈下降趋势,＞88～ 125 μm粒径范围内生长的藻细胞受影响最小,0～16 μm粒径范围内生长的藻细胞受影响最大.悬浮清洁疏浚物对2种海洋微藻比生长速率的抑制作用明显,延缓了最大比生长速率出现的时间.2种海洋微藻对悬浮清洁疏浚物的敏感性存在差异,小球藻对悬浮清洁疏浚物的反应更加迅速.     

三维电极处理氨氮废水的电化学反应特性

采用无短路电流的电极粒子串作为三维电极的填充材料,以更好地揭示其电化学反应特性.研究证实在电化学反应过程中涉及到两个阶段,80min前氨氮的去除机理主要是与在粒子电极阴极端产生的羟基自由基发生电氧化反应,80min后少量的中归反应起到协同作用,从而达到更佳的去除效果.实验结果还说明随着槽电压的增大,氨氮去除率不断增大;当电压为25V,pH值为10的情况下得到较大的去除率.     

青岛春节期间大气颗粒物数浓度的变化特征

于2013年春节前后在青岛观测了不同粒径大气颗粒物数浓度,结合同期天气资料,探讨了雾、霾、降雨、降雪以及烟花爆竹燃放对环境空气中颗粒物数浓度的影响。结果表明,青岛环境空气中以〈1.0μm细颗粒物为主,对颗粒物总数浓度的贡献超过95%。雾霾天时,颗粒物数浓度明显高于晴天,尤其是细颗粒物数浓度升高显著,霾天时以0.3-1μm颗粒物的数浓度增幅最大,雾天时则以0.5-2.0μm颗粒物的数浓度增幅最大。降雨、降雪对颗粒物有一定的清除作用,其中对〉2.0μm粗颗粒物的清除作用最为明显。春节期间烟花爆竹的燃放对环境空气中〈1.0μm细颗粒物的贡献显著,所造成的颗粒物污染约为不燃放烟花爆竹时的3倍。     

光老化对不同粒径聚苯乙烯微塑料吸附Cu(Ⅱ)的影响

为评估老化作用和粒径等因素对微塑料（MPs）吸附重金属的影响,对紫外光老化作用下3种不同粒径聚苯乙烯（PS:1、50和100 μm）吸附Cu（Ⅱ）的行为进行了系统研究.结果表明,紫外光老化显著改变了PS的表面形貌和理化性质,1 μm粒径PS的老化程度最强.PS对Cu（Ⅱ）的吸附动力学符合伪二阶动力学模型,而Freundlich模型更好地拟合了PS对Cu（Ⅱ）的等温吸附实验数据,表明PS对Cu（Ⅱ）的吸附过程发生在其非均匀表面,吸附行为为多层吸附;Freundlich模型参数n值均小于1,表明PS对Cu（Ⅱ）的吸附行为为强度较高的物理吸附;不同粒径PS对Cu（Ⅱ）的理论最大吸附量依次为:1 μm> 50 μm> 100 μm,说明粒径是影响PS吸附污染物的重要因素,而老化作用增强了同一粒径PS对Cu（Ⅱ）的吸附能力.对不同环境条件下PS吸附Cu（Ⅱ）的研究结果表明,PS对Cu（Ⅱ）的吸附能力随环境pH升高而增强,而盐度升高则产生相反的效果,表面络合和电性吸附是PS吸附Cu（Ⅱ）的主要机制.研究可为全面了解环境中MPs对重金属的吸附行为提供重要科学依据.     

崩塌体运动的全过程模拟及工程应用研究

基于颗粒流程序,建立颗粒-颗粒之间和颗粒-墙体之间线性接触刚度模型、滑动模型和带滞后阻尼性质的接触模型,对危岩体崩塌各个运动过程进行数值实验,得出一种比较理想的模拟方法和参数选取方法,对于研究含有多种运动形式的危岩体崩塌复合运动有一定的参考价值。结合工程实例,模拟危岩体自脱离边坡坡面到运动终止的全过程,并说明模拟方法的有效性,预测危岩崩塌体的滑落距离和任意位置处的速度,为选取合理的防治措施提供指导。     

合肥市颗粒物和气象条件对大气能见度的影响研究

利用2019—2021年合肥市气象参数、颗粒物浓度、颗粒物化学组分、颗粒物散射系数、颗粒物粒径谱等的逐小时观测数据,分析了合肥市大气能见度变化趋势及其影响因素。结果表明,2019—2021年,合肥市能见度呈逐年上升的总体特征,并且在季节变化上呈现为夏高冬低,在日变化上呈现为午后最高、夜间最低。相关性分析结果显示,合肥市能见度与颗粒物浓度、相对湿度均呈显著负相关关系,且能见度与相对湿度的相关程度比与颗粒物浓度的相关程度高15.5%~219.2%。相对湿度是直接影响合肥市能见度的主要因素之一,而温度、风速对能见度的间接影响作用相对较小。能见度与颗粒物特性关系研究结果表明:能见度与水溶性离子的相关程度高于与碳质组分的相关程度;当能见度处于较低水平时,能见度与PM_2.5主要组分浓度的相关性明显减弱,相对湿度、超细颗粒物占比、水溶性离子含量和碳质组分含量等因素对能见度的影响逐渐凸显;在较高PM_2.5浓度环境条件下,颗粒物散射系数的显著变化是导致能见度降低的主要原因;小粒径颗粒物对合肥市大气能见度的影响程度相对较高,应优先大幅度降低PM_1.0浓度。     

工作场所超细颗粒物暴露评估与风险评估研究进展

纳米技术产业的快速发展促使纳米材料需求量不断增长,纳米材料的规模化生产及使用,增加了暴露于超细颗粒物的职业人群数量,且工种复杂多样,尤其在自动化程度低、工人职业卫生防护意识薄弱的作业场所,对接触者有潜在的职业暴露风险.从现场暴露评估策略、检测方法、接触限值以及风险评估手段,综述针对超细颗粒物这一新型职业危害因素的研究进...     

不同性质天然有机物对水中颗粒稳定性影响的机理研究

以不同来源天然有机物(NOM)及其各分离组份和模型颗粒Al(OH)₃为研究对象,考察了pH值、二价金属离子Ca²⁺以及NOM的特性等因素对Al(OH)₃颗粒稳定性的影响,并通过研究几种NOM吸附性能和吸附前后的特性变化,进一步探讨了NOM对颗粒稳定性的影响机理.结果表明,Al(OH)₃颗粒的等电点pH_iep出现在pH5～6之间,吸附态有机物是造成颗粒稳定性提高的主要原因,溶液中自由态Ca²⁺离子能够起到压缩双电层的作用,降低吸附态NOM之间的静电斥力,减小表面负电性,增加pH_iep;吸附络合态Ca²⁺离子对颗粒表面负电性影响较小,但能够强化NOM在颗粒表面的吸附.NOM作为聚合态阴离子,在颗粒表面的吸附行为不符合Langmuir吸附模型,最大吸附发生在pH 4左右,吸附作用能够去除几种NOM中分子量较大的部分,并减小其羧基官能团的相对含量,NOM中大分子量、芳香性高的成分是造成水中颗粒稳定性提高的主要原因.     

Characteristics of slag, fly ash and deposited particles during melting of dewatered sewage sludge in a pilot plant

This study examines slag, fly ash, and deposited particles during melting of dewatered sewage sludge in a pilot plant. In addition, the chemical composition of particles in flue gas was simulated using a thermodynamics program, namely FACTSage 5.2. The results showed that the main components of slag were Al, Fe, Ca, P and Si; the minor components were Na, K, Mg, Cu, and Zn. The main chemical compound of slag was Ca4(Mg,Fe)5(PO4)6. For fly ash particles, heavy metals with the highest concentrations were in the order of Zn and As, Pb, Cu, and Cd, respectively. For non-heavy metals, Al, Fe and P were also found in significant amounts. The majority of deposited particles were composed of elements of Zn, P, S, Na, Fe, Al, Si, and Ca and such chemical compounds as Zn3(PO4)2, AlPO4, FePO4 and Fe(OH)3 while the minority consisted of elements of As, Cu, and Pb. Moreover, the compositions of deposited particles in each chamber differed due to different flue gas temperatures inside. In the secondary chamber at 760 degrees C, the amounts of Fe and Al were higher than Zn, whereas, in the other chambers (600-400 degrees C), the amount of Zn was higher. In other words, at the lower temperature the deposition of Zn was higher than the deposition of Fe and Al. In the water cooling section, volatile elements (i.e. Zn, As, Cu, Pb) were found in the highest concentrations due to a big difference in temperature between the wall surface and flue gas. From the simulation results, most of the elements in the gas phase were found to be chloride compounds, whereas those in the solid phase were in the form of oxide, sulfate, and phosphate compounds.