工作场所超细颗粒物暴露评估与风险评估研究进展

纳米技术产业的快速发展促使纳米材料需求量不断增长,纳米材料的规模化生产及使用,增加了暴露于超细颗粒物的职业人群数量,且工种复杂多样,尤其在自动化程度低、工人职业卫生防护意识薄弱的作业场所,对接触者有潜在的职业暴露风险.从现场暴露评估策略、检测方法、接触限值以及风险评估手段,综述针对超细颗粒物这一新型职业危害因素的研究进...     

湖南古丈奥陶纪红石林地层特征与石灰岩沉积环境分析

湘西古丈红石林国家地质公园出露着奥陶系牯牛潭组红色石灰岩地层,含角石化石,被认为是海相红层.野外观察地层红色深浅与其层理/层次变化关系判断为近于同期形成,属原生色.水生化石存在红层中,前者反映水下缺氧条件,而红层指示着氧化环境,两种指示尖锐对立,意味着可能至少一方存在认识偏差.采样分析结果表明,赤铁矿和针铁矿是其中可以...     

黑土不同粒径有机-矿质复合体对镉的吸附特性

采用振荡平衡法研究了黑土不同粒级有机-矿质复合体对Cd2+的吸附等温过程和吸附动力学过程,并采用常见数值模型进行了拟合. 结果表明,原土及各粒级复合体对Cd2+的吸附量随平衡液中ρ(Cd2+)的增加而增加. 各粒级组分对Cd2+的吸附量表现为黏粒＞粉粒＞原土＞粗砂＞细砂. Langmuir和Freundlich方程对Cd2+的等温吸附过程均有较好的拟合效果,线性方程拟合效果较差. 最大吸附量与吸附作用强度均呈随粒径增大而减小的趋势. 对影响最大吸附量和吸附作用强度的因子进行回归分析表明,w(有机质)、CEC(阳离子交换量)和比表面积的影响较大,其中w(有机质)是最主要因素,CEC和比表面积的影响次之. 各粒级复合体对土壤吸附Cd2+的贡献率为粉粒＞细砂＞黏粒＞粗砂,99%的Cd2+吸附在＜200 μm的组分上. 不同粒级组分对Cd2+的吸附动力学过程可分为0~20 min的快速反应阶段（吸附量均达到饱和吸附量的90%以上）和慢速反应阶段. 各组分对Cd2+的吸附符合二级动力学过程,表明吸附过程以化学吸附为主,并且吸附速率随颗粒粒径的增大而减小.      

Development of a cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) counter using a laser and charge-coupled device (CCD) camera

A continuous flow streamwise thermal gradient cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) counter with an aerosol focusing and a laser-charge-coupled device (CCD) camera detector system was developed here. The counting performance of the laser-CCD camera detector system was evaluated by comparing its measured number concentrations with those measured with a condensation particle counter (CPC) using polystyrene latex (PSL) and NaCl particles of varying sizes. The CCD camera parameters (e.g. brightness, gain, gamma, and exposure time) were optimized to detect moving particles in the sensing volume and to provide the best image to count them. The CCN counter worked well in the particle number concentration range of 0.6–8000 #·cm^-3 and the minimum detectable size was found to be 0.5 μm. The supersaturation in the CCN counter with varying temperature difference was determined by using size-selected sodium chloride particles based on K?hler equation. The developed CCN counter was applied to investigate CCN activity of atmospheric ultrafine particles at 0.5% supersaturation. Data showed that CCN activity increased with increasing particle size and that the higher CCN activation for ultrafine particles occurred in the afternoon, suggesting the significant existence of hygroscopic or soluble species in photochemically-produced ultrafine particles.     

机动车排放细微/超细颗粒物消光特性的Mie理论研究

机动车等燃烧源排放颗粒物离散系统的消光特性主要取决于颗粒群的物理化学组分和粒径分布特征. 利用内部混合模型,确定典型机动车排放颗粒物的密度和光学复折射系数(m),通过Mie理论模型研究不同粒径下单体颗粒物的光学特性,从而研究机动车排放的nm/μm级粒径下细微/超细颗粒物的无量纲光散射率(Q_scat)、无量纲光吸收率(Q_abs)以及无量纲消光率(Q_ext). 结果表明,不同国家的轻型柴油车(LDV)排放超细颗粒物的化学组分差异较大,而重型柴油车(HDV)则没有显著差别. 相关性分析表明,机动车排放颗粒物的EC组分所占比例与复折射系数的实部(n)和虚部(k)均有极强相关性,相关系数(R>/sup>2)分别为0.995 6和0.993 8.通过Mie理论计算 4种复折射系数下典型机动车排放颗粒物Q_scat,Q_abs和Q_ext随粒径的变化特征发现,粒径为400～600 nm范围的单体颗粒物消光作用最大. 当颗粒物粒径>1 μm时,Q_scat,Q_abs和Q_ext逐渐稳定为常数1.2,1.0和2.2, 此时消光率与复折射系数无关.      

三维电极处理氨氮废水的电化学反应特性

采用无短路电流的电极粒子串作为三维电极的填充材料,以更好地揭示其电化学反应特性.研究证实在电化学反应过程中涉及到两个阶段,80min前氨氮的去除机理主要是与在粒子电极阴极端产生的羟基自由基发生电氧化反应,80min后少量的中归反应起到协同作用,从而达到更佳的去除效果.实验结果还说明随着槽电压的增大,氨氮去除率不断增大;当电压为25V,pH值为10的情况下得到较大的去除率.     

青岛春节期间大气颗粒物数浓度的变化特征

于2013年春节前后在青岛观测了不同粒径大气颗粒物数浓度,结合同期天气资料,探讨了雾、霾、降雨、降雪以及烟花爆竹燃放对环境空气中颗粒物数浓度的影响。结果表明,青岛环境空气中以〈1.0μm细颗粒物为主,对颗粒物总数浓度的贡献超过95%。雾霾天时,颗粒物数浓度明显高于晴天,尤其是细颗粒物数浓度升高显著,霾天时以0.3-1μm颗粒物的数浓度增幅最大,雾天时则以0.5-2.0μm颗粒物的数浓度增幅最大。降雨、降雪对颗粒物有一定的清除作用,其中对〉2.0μm粗颗粒物的清除作用最为明显。春节期间烟花爆竹的燃放对环境空气中〈1.0μm细颗粒物的贡献显著,所造成的颗粒物污染约为不燃放烟花爆竹时的3倍。     

Advanced techniques in air pollution†

Specific usage of neutron activation analysis, charged particle analysis, y photons analysis, G.C.M.S. coupling, stable isotope dilution techniques, are discussed.

Dust collected on filters, oxygenated compounds in exhaust gases from car engines, nitrogen oxides, have thus been determined.

Special calibration methods for ozone, and remote detection by Lidar Raman are also described.     

Passive sampling of PAHs in indoor air in Nepal

PAHs were sampled in ten homes in the Makwanpur region, Nepal. SPMDs and moss bags (Sphagnum girgensohnii) were used as passive samplers. Soot particles on the SPMD surfaces were also analyzed for PAHs. The overall PAH concentrations in SPMDs were significantly higher than those in moss bags. Total PAH mean concentrations of ten houses were 535μg/g lipid for SPMDs and 7.2 μg/g moss (dw) for moss bags. Ratios of phenanthrene/anthracene in indoor SPMDs and particulate matter varied from 2.9 to 3.5 and ratios of fluoranthene/pyrene varied from 1.1 to 1.4. The values for moss bags were respectively 1.7–3.6 and 0.8–2.4. These ratios indicate that the PAHs are from combustion origin. The PAH concentrations in ambient air were estimated as B(a)P TEQs and they were 17–64 times higher than acceptable limit for Finnish community air. Based on PAH levels in the gas phase (SPMD) we may expect PAHs to have an impact on respiratory disease prevalence in Nepalese villages. Both of the sampling methods were feasible in the difficult conditions under which the study was performed.     

不同粒径和不同浓度清洁疏浚物对2种海洋微藻生长的影响

采用室内模拟试验研究了不同粒径和不同浓度悬浮清洁疏浚物对2种常见海洋微藻小球藻（Chlorella sp.）和新月菱形藻（Nitzschia closterium）生长的影响.结果表明,在8d的试验周期里,与对照组相比,不同浓度清洁疏浚物对2种海洋微藻生长的影响均达极显著水平（P＜0.01）.在相同粒径范围内,悬浮清洁疏浚物质量浓度为1～7g·L-1时,其对微藻生长的抑制作用随浓度升高而增加.随悬浮清洁疏浚物粒径的减小,2种海洋微藻的细胞密度呈下降趋势,＞88～ 125 μm粒径范围内生长的藻细胞受影响最小,0～16 μm粒径范围内生长的藻细胞受影响最大.悬浮清洁疏浚物对2种海洋微藻比生长速率的抑制作用明显,延缓了最大比生长速率出现的时间.2种海洋微藻对悬浮清洁疏浚物的敏感性存在差异,小球藻对悬浮清洁疏浚物的反应更加迅速.