Growth and Foliar Nitrogen Status of Four Plant Species Exposed to Atmospheric Ammonia

A chamber study was conducted to evaluate the growth response and leaf nitrogen (N) status of four plant species exposed to continuous ammonia (NH₃) for 12 weeks (wk). This was intended to evaluate appropriate plant species that could be used to trap discharged NH₃ from the exhaust fans in poultry feeding operations before moving off-site. Two hundred and forty bare-root plants of four species (Juniperus virginiana (red cedar), Gleditsia triacanthos var. inermis (thornless honey locust), Populus sp. (hybrid poplar), and Phalaris arundinacea (reed canary grass) were transplanted into 4- or 8-L polyethylene pots and grown in four environmentally controlled chambers. Plants placed in two of the four chambers received continuous exposure to anhydrous NH₃ at 4 to 5 ppm while plants in another two chambers received no NH₃. In each of the four chambers, 2 to 4 plants per species received no fertilizer while the rest of the plants were fertilized with a 100 ppm solution containing 21% N, 7% phosphorus, and 7% potassium. The results showed that honey locust was the fastest-growing species. The superior growth of honey locust among all species was also supported by its total biomass, root, and root dry matter (DM) weights. For all species there was a trend for plants exposed to NH₃ to have greater leaf DM than their non-exposed counterparts at 6 (43.0 vs. 30.8%; P = 0.09) and 12 wk (47.9 vs. 36.6%; P = 0.07), and significantly greater (P ≤ 0.05) leaf N content at 6 (6.44 vs. 3.67%) and 12 wk (7.05 vs. 3.51%) when exposed to NH₃. Numerically greater leaf DM due to NH₃ exposure was also consistently measured in poplar at both sampling periods. Hybrid poplar, as well as honey locust and reed canary grass, deposited 1.5 to 2-fold greater N in their leaves than red cedar tissues as a result of NH₃ exposure compared to non-exposed plants. Regardless of the effect of NH₃ on foliar color and damage score of the plants, the increase of foliar N content (g 100 g^?1 of fresh foliage weight) after NH₃ exposure at 6 and 12 wk was 0.45 and 0.87 for grass,1.25 and 1.34 for locust, and 2.67 and 6.09 for poplar. However, only honey locust likely benefited from ambient NH₃ as indicated by its consistent leaf color quality and lower damage score, compared with other species that were adversely affected by atmospheric NH₃.     

萘降解菌MQ合成靛蓝的研究

利用萘降解菌(丛毛单胞菌)MQ完整细胞对吲哚进行转化合成靛蓝,结果表明菌株MQ具有较好的靛蓝合成能力,靛蓝产量在4h左右即达到稳定.薄层色谱和高效液相色谱分析结果表明,合成的蓝色产物为靛蓝.考察了反应温度及摇床转速对靛蓝合成的影响,结果表明最适温度和转速分别为25℃和150r·min-1.随后,采用表面响应法确定了菌株MQ合成靛蓝的最优条件:菌株接种量OD6602.16,吲哚浓度200.55mg·L-1,pH=6.91.在最优条件下,菌株MQ合成靛蓝的产量为53.05mg·L-1,比初始条件下的产量提高了179%.     

Purification and Properties of a Poly (β-hydroxybutyrate) Depolymerase From Penicillium sp.

An extracellular poly (β-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) depolymerase was purified from a Penicillium sp. DS9701-09a by centrifugation, ultrafiltration, precipitation and gel filtration chromatography. The specific activity of the purified enzyme was 37.9-folds higher than that of the culture supernatant and the recovery yield was 11.8%. The PHB deploymerase molecular mass was 44.8 kDa from analysis of both Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Matrix-assisted laser desorption-time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometer. The isoelectric point of 6.7 for the enzyme was determined by a two-dimensional electrophoresis. The optimum enzyme activity was observed at a temperature of 50 °C and pH 5.0. The apparent K _m of the enzyme was found to be 1.35 mg/mL. The PHB depolymerase consisted of 16 kinds of normal amino acids. The secondary structure of the enzyme was determined by CD spectrum. α-helix and β-turn were found to be 66% and 34% for the enzyme without ammonium sulphite. Chemical inhibition on the PHB depolymerase activity was examined and EDTA was found to have a significantly inhibitory effect.     

Promotion of hexadecyltrimethyleamine bromide to the damage of Alexandrium sp. LC3 by cupric glutamate

The effect of hexadecyltrimethyleamine bromide （HDTMAB） on the removal of A lexandrium sp. LC3 under cupric glutamate stress was investigated. Toxic effect of cupric glutamate on A lexandrium sp. LC3 was significantly promoted in the presence of HDTMAB, especially at 3.0 cmc of HDTMAB. It was found that the sulfhydryl group content of the cell decreased, while the malonaldehyde content and membrane permeability increased when A lexandrium sp. LC3 was treated with HDTMAB and cupric glutamate complex, compared with cupric glutamate alone. The data suggest that HDTMAB might stimulate the damage of A lexandrium sp. LC3 by enhancing the membrane permeability.     

Effects of cultivation strategies on the cultivation of Chlorella sp. HQ in photoreactors

Heterotrophic cultivation caused high level of ROS and high lipids accumulation. HMTC is the best culture strategy for improving the microalgal biomass. Chlorella sp. HQ had great nutrient removal capacity under five culture strategies. The effects of cultivation strategies (including autotrophic cultivation (AC), heterotrophic cultivation (HC), fed-batch cultivation (FC), heterotrophic+ autotrophic two-stage cultivation (HATC), and heterotrophic+ mixotrophic two-stage cultivation (HMTC)) on the growth and lipid accumulation of Chlorella sp. HQ and its total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) removal in secondary effluent were investigated in column photoreactors. The results showed that the TN and TP removal rates ranged between 93.72%–95.82% and 92.73%–100%, respectively, under the five different strategies. The microalgal growth potential evaluated by the maximal growth rate (R_max) was in the order of HMTC>HC>FC>AC>HATC. The values of biomass, total lipid yield, triacylglycerols (TAGs) yield, and total lipid content of the microalga cultivated in the last 5 d increased significantly, but the TAGs productivities of the five strategies were lower than those in the first 7 d. Compared with all the other cultivation strategies, the TAGs productivity and yield after 12 d of cultivation under the heterotrophic condition reached the highest values accompanying the highest level of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), in which the TAGs yield reached 40.81 mg/L at the end of the cultivation period. The peaks in TAGs yield and ROS level suggested that HC was beneficial for lipids accumulation via regulating the cellular redox status and exerting ROS stress on microalgal cells. In summary, HMTC was the best cultivation strategy for improving the microalgal biomass and HC was the best strategy for microalgal TAGs accumulation to produce biodiesel.     

Ralstonia sp.strain U2菌株对萘的趋化作用

一株降解萘的细菌Ralstonia sp. strain U2对萘具有趋化现象,萘、水杨酸都可以作为其对萘产生趋化现象的诱导物.U2菌对水杨酸、龙胆酸同样都具有趋化性,但这种趋化性是组成型的,不需要诱导.图3参22     

芽孢杆菌发酵产碱性果胶酶温度控制策略

采用自行筛选获得一株产碱性果胶酶芽孢杆菌WSH03-09,在小型发酵罐中研究了不同温度对碱性果胶酶分批发酵的影响,结果表明,在恒定39℃条件下,可获得最高酶活5．39u／mL,各温度条件下的菌体干重相差不多,最终均能达11．5g／L左右;在发酵前期,控制温度41℃时最有利于菌体的生长,而在产物合成期,控制37℃有利于获得较高的产物合成比速,在此基础上,提出分阶段温度控制策略,采用此温度控制策略进行碱性果胶酶的发酵,碱性果胶酶酶活达5．99u／mL,比采用单一温度下的最大值提高了11％,其它各项指标也有较大提高．图6表1参6     

金属离子诱导Trichoderma sp.WL-Go合成纳米金特性研究

生物法合成纳米金是一种环境友好且经济高效的合成途径,受到广泛关注.普遍认为微生物合成纳米金是通过胞外分泌生物大分子而实现的一种自发脱毒过程.同时,相关研究表明低浓度的重金属离子对菌株胞外酶的活性会产生一定的影响,进而会对菌株合成纳米金的能力产生影响.基于此,本研究选择一株前期筛选得到的真菌Trichoderma sp. WL-Go,探究不同金属离子诱导菌株对其合成的纳米金特性的影响.结果表明,经Co~(2+)、Al~(3+)、Zn~(2+)、Sn~(2+)、Ni~(2+)等金属离子诱导后,菌株WL-Go合成纳米金的能力均有所提升,而Pb~(2+)、Cu~(2+)、Fe~(3+)与对照组相比,其合成的纳米金浓度及转化率都无明显变化.此外,Co~(2+)诱导菌株合成的纳米金呈现肉眼可见的团簇状,发生明显的团聚现象.本实验还考察了生物合成纳米金对4-硝基苯酚还原的催化特性,结果表明,Sn~(2+)和Pb~(2+)的诱导使菌株WL-Go合成的纳米金催化速率得到明显提升,而其他金属离子均有所抑制.最后选取革兰氏阳性菌Arthrobacter sp. W1和革兰氏阴性菌Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3)验证了不同金属离子诱导后合成的纳米金均具有良好的生物相容性.综上,本研究为对于拓宽纳米金的工业化应用前景有着重要意义.     

PFOS前体物质(PreFOSs)降解菌的分离鉴定及其降解特性

从氟化工厂附近土壤中分离出1株能以全氟辛烷磺酸前体物质(Pre FOSs)为唯一碳源和能源生长的降解菌PF1,经形态观察及16S r DNA基因序列分析,初步鉴定该菌为生丝微菌属(Hyphomicrobium sp.).在温度为30℃、p H为7.0~7.2条件下,菌株PF1对全氟辛基磺酰胺(PFOSA)和N-乙基全氟辛基磺酰胺(N-Et FOSA)48 h降解率分别为14.6%和8.2%,对PFOS无降解能力.对降解产物进行检测和分析,结果表明PFOSA的降解产物为PFOS;N-Et FOSA能被降解生成PFOSA和PFOS,同时也产生少量的全氟辛基磺酰胺乙酸(FOSAA).由此推断Pre FOSs降解途径,在菌株PF1的作用下,PFOSA脱去氨基直接转化成PFOS.NEt FOSA主要有2种降解途径:(1)N-Et FOSA脱乙基产生PFOSA,PFOSA再进一步脱氨基生成PFOS,此为主要途径;(2)NEt FOSA中的N-乙基被氧化成乙酸基生成FOSAA,FOSAA进一步脱去乙酸基生成PFOSA,并最终脱氨基生成PFOS.     

1株耐盐异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌Zobellella sp.B307的分离及脱氮特性

从胶州湾沉积物中分离出1株异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌株B307,采用16S rRNA基因序列分析对该菌株进行鉴定,采用单因素实验对其进行条件优化和耐盐特性研究,并在最优条件下考察其在单一和混合氮源中的脱氮效果.结果表明,该菌为Zobellella sp.,其最佳碳源为丁二酸钠,最适C/N为5,最适初始p H为9,最适温度为35~40℃.该菌株在混合氮源体系中12 h对NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N的去除率分别为98.35%和99.75%;在盐度为75 g·L~(-1)(以NaCl计)条件下24 h对NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N去除率仍分别保持在97.67%和94.39%.表明该菌株具有高效的异养硝化-好氧反硝化能力和较强的耐盐特性,在高盐废水脱氮等领域具有广泛的应用前景.