Parasitoid-induced mortality of Araneus omnicolor (Araneae, Araneidae) by Hymenoepimecis sp. (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) in southeastern Brazil

All species included in the Polysphincta genus-group develop as ectophagous parasitoids of active spiders, killing their hosts prior to pupation. However, little information regarding natural history and ovipositing behavior of most species are available. In this study we inspected 85 webs of Araneus omnicolor to evaluate the frequency of parasitism and host size preferences of the wasp Hymenoepimecis sp. We also described the web characteristics of normal and parasitized spiders and the wasp ovipositing behavior. About 41% of the adult females of A. omnicolor inspected were parasitized. The highest incidence of parasitism was observed among relatively small females while no egg or larva was found in large individuals. Araneus omnicolor builds a strong web composed of an orb and barrier threads, where the spider rests within a curled leaf. The parasitoid larva builds its cocoon within this refuge, and modified cocoon webs were not observed. The ovipositing behavior of Hymenoepimecis sp. was very similar to that of Hymenoepimecis argyraphaga parasitizing Leucauge argyra, including the position of the sting, the killing of a previously attached larva, and the expelling of the egg from the base of the ovipositor.     

Decolorization of molasses melanoidins and palm oil mill effluent phenolic compounds by fermentative lactic acid bacteria

Lactobacillus plantarum SF5.6 is one of the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) that has the highest ability of molasses melanoidin (MM) decolorization among the 2114 strains of LAB. The strains were isolated from spoilage, pickle fruit and vegetable, soil and sludge from the wastewater treatment system by using technical step of enrichment, primary screening and secondary screening. This LAB strain SF5.6 was identified by 16S rDNA analysis and carbohydrate fermentation (API 50 CH). The top five LAB strains having high MM decolorization ( 55%), namely TBSF5.8-1, TBSF2.1-1, TBSF2.1, FF4A and SF5.6 were selected to determine the optimal condition. It was found that the temperature at 30°C under facultative conditions in GPY-MM medium (0.5% glucose, 0.1% peptone, 0.1% yeast extract, 0.1% sodium acetate, 0.05% MgSO4 and 0.005% MnCl2 in MM solution at pH 6) giving a high microbial growth and MM decolorization for all five strains. It was noticed that the decolorization of MM by LAB strains might be cell growth associated. L. plantarum SF5.6 grew rapidly within one day while the other strains took 2–3 days. This L. plantarum SF5.6 could rapidly decolorize MM to 60.91% without any lag phase, and it also had the ability to remove 34.00% phenolic compounds and 15.88% color from treated palm oil mill effluent.     

3株溶藻细菌的分离鉴定及其溶藻效应

从武汉市的池塘分离到3株编号分别为M6,M8和M13的溶藻细菌,对这3株细菌的生理生化特性、溶藻专一性和溶藻原因进行了研究.结果表明:M6,M8和M13分别属于葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus sp.)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus sp.)和节杆菌属(Arthrobacter sp.);它们分别能溶解鲍氏织线藻、念珠藻、鱼腥藻、坑形席藻、铜绿微囊藻、鞘丝藻等多种蓝藻,并且它们的液体溶藻现象较固体溶藻现象明显;3株溶藻细菌培养液的过滤液仍有溶藻效应,说明溶藻原因可能是细菌释放某种化学物质所致.      

曲霉对水中重金属的吸附去除

利用2种曲霉A.sojae M146和A.oryzae M149的菌体，作为吸附剂对水中Pb^2＋和Cd^2 进行去除实验。结果表明，曲霉菌体的最佳培养时间为72h，吸附的最佳pH为5．5、温度为30℃、时间为1h。在最佳实验条件下，A.sojae M146对Pb^2 和Cd^2 的吸附率，分别为69．76％和72．28％；A.oryzae M149对Pb^2 和Cd^2 的吸附率，分别为60．64％和81．34％。使用稀碱溶液对曲霉菌体进行浸泡预处理后，可提高对重金属的吸附去除效果；而使用稀释、乙醇水溶液以及蒸馏水对菌体浸泡后，明显降低了重金属的去除效果。Na2CO3和EDTA溶液，可以有效地将重金属从曲霉体上解吸下来，从而达到重复利用菌体作为吸附剂的目的。     

溶藻活性物质对棕囊藻溶藻及其脂肪酸影响的模拟

为了探讨芽孢杆菌B1分泌的胞外溶藻活性物质对球形棕囊藻的溶藻特性和藻毒素物质脂肪酸的影响,比较了模拟自然水体中叶绿素a、p H、溶解氧DO、高锰酸盐指数和营养元素N、P浓度在溶藻前后的变化,并利用GC-MS检测了球形棕囊藻脂肪酸的成分和含量.用体积比1∶100的芽孢杆菌B1胞外活性物质处理模拟水体14 d,发现水体中叶绿素a、p H值和高锰酸盐指数随处理时间的增加而降低,DO和N、P浓度随处理时间的增加而增加.在第14 d时,处理组水体中p H值由8.50降低到7.51,叶绿素a降低82.3%(P0.05),DO增加29.5%(P0.05),高锰酸盐指数降低55.2%(P0.01).NH+4-N、NO-2-N、NO-3-N和PO3-4-P浓度分别增加了0.46、1.50、6.24和1.30倍.投加活性物质处理14 d后,球形棕囊藻藻毒素中的主要3种脂肪酸C18:2、C16:0和C18:1分别降低了100%、97.7%和85.4%(P0.01),总脂肪酸含量降低83.4%(P0.01).结果表明,芽孢杆菌B1胞外溶藻活性物质在模拟自然水体中能有效抑制球形棕囊藻的生长,并降低藻毒素脂肪酸的含量.研究结果为芽孢杆菌B1胞外活性物质的生态安全性应用提供理论基础.     

PFOS前体物质(PreFOSs)降解菌的分离鉴定及其降解特性

从氟化工厂附近土壤中分离出1株能以全氟辛烷磺酸前体物质(Pre FOSs)为唯一碳源和能源生长的降解菌PF1,经形态观察及16S r DNA基因序列分析,初步鉴定该菌为生丝微菌属(Hyphomicrobium sp.).在温度为30℃、p H为7.0~7.2条件下,菌株PF1对全氟辛基磺酰胺(PFOSA)和N-乙基全氟辛基磺酰胺(N-Et FOSA)48 h降解率分别为14.6%和8.2%,对PFOS无降解能力.对降解产物进行检测和分析,结果表明PFOSA的降解产物为PFOS;N-Et FOSA能被降解生成PFOSA和PFOS,同时也产生少量的全氟辛基磺酰胺乙酸(FOSAA).由此推断Pre FOSs降解途径,在菌株PF1的作用下,PFOSA脱去氨基直接转化成PFOS.NEt FOSA主要有2种降解途径:(1)N-Et FOSA脱乙基产生PFOSA,PFOSA再进一步脱氨基生成PFOS,此为主要途径;(2)NEt FOSA中的N-乙基被氧化成乙酸基生成FOSAA,FOSAA进一步脱去乙酸基生成PFOSA,并最终脱氨基生成PFOS.     

Enterobacter sp.CV-v对孔雀石绿的脱色特性及机理研究

采用单因素实验研究了各种操作因素对菌株Enterobacter sp.CV-v降解孔雀石绿的影响.结果表明,在供试碳源中,葡萄糖对脱色的促进效果最为显著,而供试氮源中,酵母粉对脱色的促进效果最优;同时,供试金属离子中,锰离子对脱色的促进效果最优.在p H=3.0~10.0、温度20~50℃之间时,菌株CV-v对孔雀石绿的12 h脱色率在90%以上.此外,该菌株可在6 h内完全脱色浓度低于500 mg·L-1的孔雀石绿.动力学实验结果表明,该菌株对孔雀石绿脱色的动力学数据与一级动力学模型拟合度最好(R2=0.9755).酶分析实验结果表明,锰过氧化物酶和孔雀石绿还原酶可能与菌株CV-v降解孔雀石绿相关.此外,代谢产物分析实验结果表明,菌株CV-v降解孔雀石绿的主要产物为二甲氨基二苯甲酮和4-羟基-N,N-二甲基苯铵.     

噻吩磺隆降解菌Staphylococcus sp.的分离及其降解特性与途径

采用富集培养技术从磺酰脲类除草剂污染土壤中筛选得到1株降解噻吩磺隆的细菌,命名为ZWS13.经形态特征和16S rRNA基因序列分析,初步鉴定为葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus sp.).采用HPLC研究了初始底物浓度、温度、接种量、pH等因素对菌株ZWS13降解噻吩磺隆的影响.结果表明,菌株ZWS13对噻吩磺隆的降解具有较广的底物浓度范围,在7 d内对初始浓度5.0~100.0 mg·L~(-1)噻吩磺隆的降解率达到60%以上;菌株ZWS13降解噻吩磺隆的较适pH为8.0,较适温度为40℃,较适接种量为1%;其中,菌株培养温度为40℃时,菌株在10 d内对50.0mg·L~(-1)噻吩磺隆的降解率达到99%以上.降解谱测定结果表明,菌株对烟嘧磺隆、吡嘧磺隆和甲磺隆亦具有良好的降解效果.采用HPLC-MS分析确定了菌株对噻吩磺隆的5个降解产物,推测菌株对噻吩磺隆的降解途径主要为磺酰脲桥C—N键的断裂、脱甲基作用或脱酯作用的甲基丢失及三嗪环的开裂.研究表明,菌株ZWS13能够有效地降解噻吩磺隆,具有生物修复噻吩磺隆污染的潜力.     

游离附生假单胞菌对铜绿微囊蓝细菌中32P释放的影响

采用同位素示踪法，分析游离附生假单胞菌(Pseudomonas sp-)对富集^32P的铜绿微囊蓝细菌(Microcystis aeruginosa)中磷释放的影响．研究结果表明：在微囊蓝细菌生长的延迟期和对数期．游离附生假单胞菌的加入抑制了微囊蓝细菌中^32P的释放，而对蓝细菌的生长没有明显的影响；在微囊蓝细菌生长的稳定期和衰减期，假单胞菌促进其蓝细菌细胞内^32P的释放，同时也加速微囊蓝细菌的衰亡．假单胞菌对微囊蓝细菌^32P释放的促进作用是由于自身的吸磷能力导致的．假单胞菌的吸磷量由假单胞菌生物量和细胞内磷浓度决定，假单胞菌在微囊蓝细菌的整个生长阶段生物量不断增加，而体内^32P浓度在开始阶段很低．直到微囊蓝细菌进入稳定期才达到相对稳定。     

直接大红4BE染料吸附脱色真菌的分离及特性研究

通过梯度富集培养,筛选到一株偶氮染料直接大红4BE吸附脱色真菌HS-DY08,该菌在基础培养基中,30℃、150r/min条件下,24h内对浓度为30mg/L的直接大红4BE的吸附脱色率达92%。脱色液动态扫描结果显示,随着HS-DY08菌株对染料的吸附脱色降解,直接大红4BE的吸收峰(526nm)明显降低,中间产物(325nm)的吸收峰逐渐升高,且染料吸附过程中菌体生长量增加,表明菌株对染料的吸附脱色过程中伴随着对染料的生物降解和利用。不同的共基质底物对直接大红4BE吸附脱色能力的促进作用依次为:PDB>葡萄糖>蛋白胨>NH4Cl。结合形态特征及显微观察结果,初步鉴定HS-DY08为青霉属(Pemnicillium sp.)。