Improvement in the prediction of gasoline pool fire behaviour: CFD modelling and validation

The development and implementation of mathematical models through Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) techniques has been acknowledged as a promising tool for the prediction of hydrocarbon pool fires behaviours. In this sense, different approaches, with different assumptions and simplifications, and accounting for different phenomena, have been developed in the literature. However, the deviations in the predictions of the experimentally determined parameters, such as temperatures profiles, flame heights and radiative heat flux, by the implemented models are still high. Therefore, the implementation of these models to predict combustion phenomena and flame behaviours for various scenarios is limited. In this work, the software C3D is used to model gasoline pool fires of different diameters, and under different wind conditions, in order to improve the quality of the predictions of the flame behaviour. The modelled cases correspond to the experimental studies reported in literature. The results from the implemented model show an improved predictive quality when compared with other modelling works reported on literature for the same experimental cases. The deviations in the time averaged temperature, flame height, surface emissive power and radiative heat flux, has been calculated to be 5.0%, 0.05%, 6.32% and 3.82%, respectively.     

水喷淋控制烟气输运的大涡模拟研究

本文采用大涡模拟方法研究了烟气输运和水喷淋之间的相互作用问题。研究目的是探讨水喷淋（或细水雾）对烟气输运的控制和抑制的有效性和要行性。为了有效地模拟烟气输运过程，本文采用了低马赫数近似下的三维可压缩滤波形式的Navier-Stokes方程进行有限差分法数值求解。烟气的生成和运动采用携带燃烧反应热的Lagrangian粒子（热元模型）来模拟，同时喷淋器喷出的细水雾也采用模型模拟。在本文的研究中，烟气由一个独立的火池产生并且被一股来流（或风）驱动，从而在一个方形槽道里形成烟气输运，在火池下游槽道的顶部布置若干个喷淋器并喷出水雾，以便探讨水雾对烟气输运的控制作用。本文着重分析讨论了不同喷淋角和水雾半径下水雾对烟气输运的控制和抑制效果。     

A comparative analysis of wind resource parameters using WAsP and windPRO

This paper investigates the accuracy of the wind resource estimation for a site in a central India region using a latest licensed version of WAsP 11 and windPRO 3.1. Whole one year measured met mast wind data has been taken using anemometer and wind vane at 10 m and 25 m height, respectively above ground level. The digitized elevation and roughness model of the corresponding site shows the roughness class 4 (roughness length 1.2525 m). The wind data has been extrapolated up to 80 m height by using power and log law models which provide the power density near about 120 W/m². As per the micro sitting guidelines for the virtual wind farm installation 5D X 7D mapping has been selected which Indicates the total power output by installing 8 Vestas V-90 1.8 MW wind turbine from WAsP is 31.561 GWh and from windPRO is 28.083 GWh.     

Large-eddy simulation of low-level jet-like flow in a canopy

The computational method of Large-Eddy Simulations has been used to study the weak, neutrally stable drainage flow within tree canopies. The computational results show that a secondary velocity maximum that resembles a jet is formed within the canopy under the nocturnal flow conditions. This jet-like flow is important in the analysis and measurements of the net ecosystem-atmosphere exchange (NEE) for carbon dioxide (CO₂). A uniformly distributed, plane source was placed within the canopy in order to simulate the nocturnal production of CO₂. The NEE is calculated as the sum of the integration of the rate of change of the concentration of CO₂ over the computational domain, the vertical turbulent flux measured directly by eddy-covariance (EC) method, and the advection terms, which are not taken into account in the EC method. Numerical results of the velocity and concentration fields, within and above the canopy, are presented and their impact on the CO₂ transport is investigated in detail. The computational results show that 15–20% of NEE is drained out by the advection process under the canopy. The results also show that the turbulent fluctuations in the lateral direction are also significant and may result in 2–5% CO₂ transport.     

障碍物后池火与水喷淋相互作用的数值模拟

采用大涡模拟方法数值模拟了障碍物后池火与水喷淋的相互作用问题，研究目的是探讨水喷淋对障碍物后池火的控制和抑制的有效性，以及障碍物对流动特性和温度场的影响。文中采用低马赫数近似下三维可压缩滤波形式的Navier—Stokes方程和组分方程进行有限差分数值求解，燃烧过程中所产生的热释放采用携带燃烧反应热的Lagrangian粒子(热元模型)来模拟。文中数值模拟了风洞内障碍物后热源产生的热气流及其与水喷淋的相互作用，并探讨了在有无水喷淋情况下的温度场和速度场特性，以及喷水装置位置对温度场的影响。     

LES数值理论研究及工程计算应用

大涡模型模拟方法（LES）是近几年国内外研究热点,在LES中,大涡旋直接求解,而小涡平均计算,因此空间分辨率比雷诺平均方法高.系统分析了LES理论研究进展、研究方法及数学模型,并利用LES方法,模拟计算某电厂300MW机组凝聚器内部流场参数,为凝聚器后期的设计改进提供理论基础.     

竖井结构中壁面温度对火灾烟气运动影响的计算研究

使用大涡模拟方法研究了不同壁面温度条件下,竖井结构中,竖直壁面间的火灾热烟气和空气运动规律及温度场分布。并讨论了造成分布差异的原因。研究表明,流场中速度、温度和混合分数等参数受燃烧产生的热羽流和壁面温差引起的对流共同影响。温差越大,流场流动速度越大,流场的规律性越强,热烟气在流场中的蔓延速度越快。在温度方面,温度分布随流场变化而呈现不同规律,这里着重讨论了一侧壁面温度不同引起的另一侧壁面附近流场的温度变化。     

环境风对双层玻璃幕墙空腔内烟气流动特性的影响研究

采用大涡模拟的方法,研究了不同火源大小时,环境风速对双层玻璃幕墙空腔内烟气流动以及温度和速度分布的影响。研究结果表明,环境风会导致空腔下部开口进风量的增大,从而扰乱空腔内的烟气流动,同时也会对空腔内烟气起到冷却作用;另一方面环境风会导致上部排烟口排烟量的减小,导致烟气在空腔内聚集。同时发现,对于不同热释放速率的火灾,环境风对空腔内烟气温度分布造成的影响效果不同。     

An early warning method of landscape ecological security in rapid urbanizing coastal areas and its application in Xiamen, China

Based on the Pressure-State-Response (P-S-R) approach, an index system for landscape ecological security (LES) was suggested using three dimensions, six factors, and three weights. The indicators in the system were divided into two groups: spatial interpolation (acquired by the remote sensing data) and non-spatial interpolation (acquired by consultation with experts). According to data of 2003 and 2006, coupled with current tendencies, the early warning method was classified into four categories: security and degradation, sub-security and slow degradation, sub-security and rapid degradation, and insecurity. Our research with early warning method finds three interesting phenomena: (1) mean value of LES in 2003 was 0.586, indicating medium security; while in 2006 it was 0.650, an upper medium security. The LES level within each districts of Xiamen in 2006 was better than the level in 2003. In terms of LES, the comprehensive condition within each district of Xiamen in 2006 was enhanced compared with 2003. Overall, there was improvement in 80.5% of areas from 2003 to 2006, showing promising signs of positive development. (2) The LES of Xiang’an District and Jimei District were in stages of high early warning given that the percentage of land in these districts that showed symptoms of insecurity and degradation was 41.03 and 34.89%, respectively. (3) On the whole, the areas that showed notable signs of insecurity and rapid landscape, and which can already be identified as early warning areas requiring immediate attention, correspond closely with the distribution of coastal industrial parks in these regions. In conclusion, the consequences of rapid industrialization and urbanization are far reaching and affect local and regional ecological security.