High nitrite accumulation and strengthening denitrification for old-age landfill leachate treatment using an autocontrol two-stage hybrid process

An autocontrol two-stage hybrid process was developed to treat landfill leachate. Biological nitrogen removal with nitrification and denitrification via nitrite pathway was split into two stages. The first stage was designed for the high nitrite accumulation and was composed of two hybrid bed reactors (Hybrid I and Hybrid II) and a coagulation–flocculation reactor having effective volumes of 120 L and 80 L, respectively. The second stage was designed for strengthening denitrification and included a single 80 L reactor. The carriers of the hybrid bed reactors were composed of fixed multiple flexible carriers and suspended particle carriers. Dissolved oxygen (DO), pH value, oxidation–reduction potential (ORP) and temperature were used as online fuzzy control parameters of the automatic control system. The concentration of nitrite in Hybrid I and Hybrid II could reach 411 mg L⁻¹ and 604 mg L⁻¹, respectively. Ammonia removal has reached maximal rates of 0.061 kgNH₄⁺-N (m³ h)⁻¹ and 0.041 kgNH₄⁺-N (m³ h)⁻¹, respectively. A maximum nitrite removal rate of 0.211 kgNO₂⁻-N (m³ h)⁻¹ was observed during the strengthening denitrification. The running time of one cycle was not fixed and was actually controlled by the system. The results indicated that the running period was more closely related to influent ammonia concentration than influent COD concentration. The aeration times could be shortened and the energy could be saved. The autocontrol two-stage hybrid process is therefore an economical and effective way for landfill leachate treatment.     

垃圾渗滤液处理中膜污染的防治

膜污染及其防治是影响膜系统运行效果的重要因素.对运行1年多的利用膜技术的垃圾渗滤液处理工程进行了研究,从预处理、膜污染结构与形态、膜清洗等方面,探讨了防治膜污染的措施.研究表明,调整进水pH、过滤、添加阻垢剂等预处理措施可减缓膜污染的发生;膜面污染层的主要成分是有机物,并含有Al、Si等的胶体物质以及Fe和Ca的化合物;先碱洗后酸洗的清洗效果好于先酸洗后碱洗.工程中采用先碱洗后酸洗的措施是可行的,清洗后产水量由13.8 L/(m2·h)提高至17.0 L/(m2·h),产水电导率由117 μS/cm降至45μS/cm,进水压力由4.60 MPa降至3.40 MPa.     

垃圾填埋场底土层污染状况调查

通过钻探取样对一个垃圾场底部支的污染状况进行了现场调查。结果表明,垃圾场下方浅层土壤已受到一定程度的污染,Ｐｂ、Ｃｄ、Ｈｇ、Ｃｒ等重元素污染较轻,ＮＨ３Ｎ、ＴＯＣ值较高。由于该场地下方粘土层的渗透系数很小,污染物的迁移距离在３０ｃｍ～４０ｃｍ左右,能较有效地防止垃圾中污染物的快速下渗适移。     

Polyfluoroalkyl compounds in landfill leachates

Polyfluoroalkyl compounds (PFCs) are widely used in industry and consumer products. These products could end up finally in landfills where their leachates are a potential source for PFCs into the aqueous environment. In this study, samples of untreated and treated leachate from 22 landfill sites in Germany were analysed for 43 PFCs. ΣPFC concentrations ranged from 31 to 12,819 ng/L in untreated leachate and 4-8060 ng/L in treated leachate. The dominating compounds in untreated leachate were perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) (mean contribution 27%) and perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) (24%). The discharge of PFCs into the aqueous environment depended on the cleaning treatment systems. Membrane treatments (reverse osmosis and nanofiltrations) and activated carbon released lower concentrations of PFCs into the environment than cleaning systems using wet air oxidation or only biological treatment. The mass flows of ∑PFCs into the aqueous environment ranged between 0.08 and 956 mg/day.     

城市生活垃圾填埋场恶臭污染与周边限建区划分探讨

随着我国城市垃圾状况和城市建设的变化,填埋场气体问题日益突出。探讨环境影响评价中如何合理确定垃圾填埋场周边建设的控制距离,科学设置垃圾填埋场的防护距离,已成为解决恶臭污染问题的有效途径之一。文章将恶臭污染影响作为限制性因素,提出垃圾填埋场周边限建区的概念,并探讨了划分思路和原则,最后文章从恶臭污染控制因子选取、恶臭污染影响计算模式及参数选取等对恶臭污染防护距离进行了讨论,在此基础上对垃圾填埋场周边限建区的划分方法进行了具体说明。文章探讨的基于垃圾填埋场恶臭污染影响的限建区划分方法,对垃圾填埋场环境影响评价及垃圾填埋场周边建设项目规划具有一定的参考意义。     

Anthropogenic N2O production from landfill leachate treatment

The results of a field survey and laboratory study indicated that nitrogenous landfill leachate treatment can be a significant potential source of N2O emission. Nil (raw leachate) to 58.8ngmL(-1)h(-1) (sequential batch reactor) N2O emission was detected at five treatment plants in South China. The production and emission of N2O was especially high soon after the raw leachate was aerated. The emission was positively correlated with the dissolved N2O content in leachate; detected dissolved N2O ranged from 0 to 1309ngmL(-1). All leachate treatment plants studied were effective in NH4+-N removal (>95%); however, the highest N2O emission was estimated to be 0.25g N2Ocapita(-l)year(-1), comparable with the rate of N2O emission in conventional sewage treatment process.     

Native Grasses as a Management Alternative on Vegetated Closure Caps

Capped waste sites often are vegetated with commercial turf grasses to increase evapotranspiration and prevent erosion and possible exposure of the barrier. Fertilizer, frequent watering, and mowing may be required to establish the turf grass and prevent invasion by trees and shrubs. Oldfield vegetation of grasses and forbs is a possible sustainable alternative to turf grass communities. To determine if oldfield vegetation can establish on caps, we (1) compared establishment of a dominant oldfield grass and a commercial turf grass under different combinations of new closure cap management: spring or summer planting and presence or absence of amendments to alleviate drought (watering, mulch) or increase soil fertility (fertilizer, lime, a nitrogen-fixing legume); (2) surveyed existing caps to determine if oldfield species establish naturally; and (3) performed a greenhouse experiment to compare growth of two native grasses under low and amended (added water, soil nutrients) conditions. Both the commercial grass and oldfield species established under new cap conditions; fertilizer, water, and mulch improved vegetation establishment in spring or summer, but legumes decreased grass cover. In the greenhouse, both native grasses grew best with amendments; however, substantial stem and root length were obtained with no fertilizer and only once-weekly watering. Existing vegetated caps supported planted grasses and naturally established oldfield species. Overall, the results indicate native grasses can establish on new caps and oldfields can serve as a management model; further work is needed to determine the management strategy to maintain herbaceous vegetation and slow woody species invasion.     

Solid waste characteristics and their relationship to gas production in tropical landfill

Solid waste characteristics and landfill gas emission rate in tropical landfill was investigated in this study. The experiment was conducted at a pilot landfill cell in Thailand where fresh and two-year-old wastes in the cell were characterized at various depths of 1.5, 3, 4.5 and 6 m. Incoming solid wastes to the landfill were mainly composed of plastic and foam (24.05%). Other major components were food wastes (16.8%) and paper (13.3%). The determination of material components in disposed wastes has shown that the major identifiable components in the wastes were plastic and foam which are resistant to biodegradation. The density of solid waste increased along the depth of the landfill from 240 kg m⁻³ at the top to 1,260 kg m⁻³ at the bottom. Reduction of volatile solids content in waste samples along the depth of landfill suggests that biodegradation of solid waste has taken place to a greater extent at the bottom of the landfill. Gas production rates obtained from anaerobic batch experiment were in agreement with field measurements showing that the rates increased along the depth of the landfill cell. They were found in range between 0.05 and 0.89 l kg⁻¹ volatile solids day⁻¹. Average emission rate of methane through the final cover soil layer was estimated as 23.95 g⁻²day⁻¹ and 1.17 g⁻²day⁻¹ during the dry and rainy seasons, respectively.