钙质闪石11种阳离子占位度的X射线衍射测定

本义对前期[1][2]的理论分析成果进行修改和验证。前期曾用大量文献上的晶体结构参数仅演为理论的X射线树木图，从中选出若干条特征峰，用逐步回归方法对其强度比与钙质闪石的11种阳离子占位度问，建立一系列经验公式，用以估算未知的钙质冈石样品阳离子占位度，精度在85％－98％之间，多数阳离子精度超过90％．在闪石晶体化学研究上具有重要意义的阳离子如M1、M3位中Mg、Fe2＋、A位的K、三缺值Em及万位的Si等精度均超过90％；晶体化学类型定名的准确度达85％。成果表明，利用X射线衍射法估算闪石的阳离子占位在理论上是可能的。但还有待于用实测数据检验其可行性。本次工作的日的，便是以实测数据来验证前期理论成果并确定其可靠性。通过反复改变衍射圈上特征反射的选择和改变样本数，以实测结果验证各种组合建立的线性模型，所估算的各品位各种阳离子占位数的准确度在78％－96％之间，大多数大于80％，接近或超过90％的有八位的K、空缺值Em、位的Mg、Fe没＋及T位的Si等。晶体化学类型定名的准确度可达80％。但在建立线性模型时，必须将理沦计算的粉末国与实测阁一起进行统计。所选用的实测样品愈多，该族矿物种后愈广泛，则建立的模型的代表性也愈广泛，可靠程度愈高。这一成果证实了用此类方式建立的     

闪石X射线衍射谱上特征峰强度测定的实验研究

本文为《闪石族类质同象及晶体化学的X射线研究》这一专题的系列论文之二，阐述实验方法中的关键问题。通过用特殊的磨样及采用毛玻璃压样，结合计算拟合修正衍射强度等方法，研究了如何减轻乃至消除闪石族样品X射线图中310择尤取向问题，得出较为理想的结果。并讨论了如何判断在制样过程中可能产生的诸如水化、轻度蚀变及键定无序等影响强度测定精度的问题。提出了可行的实验方案。所提方法，对其他涉及修正强择尢取向的X射线衍射图的许多问题均可资借鉴。     

X射线粉末法计算晶胞参数及粉末图指标化的微机程序

本文介绍了一个用BASIC语言编写的微机程序,即CDI程序。该程序是根据最小二乘修正加上外推的原理编制的,用于粉末衍射数据的晶胞参数计算和粉末图指标化。CDI程序可以处理所有晶系的衍射数据并得出令人满意的计算结果。程序已在IBMPC/XT,长城0520CH及C.S.重型微机上运行了好几年并解决了一系列实际问题。     

激光脱附／电离飞行时间质谱法测定多环芳烃

采用激光脱附／电离飞行时间质谱技术测定了蒽、二苯并（ａ,ｈ）蒽,晕苯四种多环芳烃化合物在２６６ｎｍ激光作用下的“软”电离飞行时间质谱,对蒽、二苯并（ａ,ｈ）蒽、晕苯四种化合物进行的分析结果表明激光脱附／电离飞行时间质谱是一种简单、快速、高灵敏度分析多环芳烃化合物的方法,对晕苯,检出限可达１０＾１６ｍｏｌ。     

Modeling and simulation of arc: Laser and hybrid welding process

Welding is a fabrication process to join two different materials. Among the many welding processes, the arc and laser welding processes are the most widely used. Great effort is required to understand the physical phenomena of arc and laser welding due to the complex behaviors which include liquid phase, solid phase and, gas phase. So it is necessary to conduct numerical simulation to understand the detailed procedures of welding. This paper will present the various numerical simulation methods of the arc welding processes such as arc plasma, gas tungsten arc welding, gas metal arc welding, laser welding, and laser–arc hybrid welding. These simulations are conducted by the finite element method, finite differential method and volume of fluid method to describe and analyze the various welding processes.     

土壤中铅锌的稳定化处理及机制研究

本研究采用磷酸二氢钾、生石灰、氯化钾以一定比例混合,对铅锌矿区污染土壤进行稳定化处理,并通过TCLP和Tessier连续提取法对稳定化效果进行分析和评价.利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对土壤进行形态和结构研究,分析稳定化机制.结果表明,P/Pb摩尔比在2~4,ω(Ca O)/ω(Soil)投加比在0.1%~0.5%,氯化钾投加量在0.02~0.04 mol时,Pb的稳定效率在80%以上,且Pb、Zn浸出浓度远低于标准限值.土壤中铅、锌的稳定化处理主要是将铅、锌从交换态转化为了残渣态,有效地限制了重金属离子的迁移.XRD和SEM分析表明,稳定化处理后形成的Ca-P-Pb沉淀、磷酸铅盐[PbHPO_4、Pb_3(PO_4)_2]、类磷氯铅矿(Pb-PO_4-Cl/OH)及混合重金属沉淀物(Fe-PO_4-Ca-Pb-Zn-OH)相互交联将重金属离子裹缚起来,形成稳定的结构,使得重金属离子难以浸出.     

Long-term leaching of uranium from different waste matrices

A semi-dynamic leaching test was carried out for metallurgical wastes and ore samples from the uranium and copper mining industry over a 142 day period using distilled water and 0.1N NaNO(3) as solvents. Laser fluorimetry was used as the analytical technique to determine the total uranium content in the leachates. The cumulative leach fraction (CLF) of uranium release from the samples was calculated to be 0.22, 0.22, 0.07 and 0.39% for rock, uranium tailings, copper kinker ash samples and copper tailings respectively using distilled water as solvent and 0.31, 0.27, 0.05 and 0.59% for the same matrices using 0.1N NaNO(3). The release of mobile uranium fraction was very slow, being faster in the initial stage and then attained a near steady state condition. The diffusion coefficient and bulk release of uranium from the samples have been calculated. The processes governing the release of uranium from these matrices have been identified to be surface wash-off and diffusion. Hence the use of weak solvents (leach out the mobile/exchangeable fraction of uranium) under semi-dynamic conditions aids the determination of leaching parameters and identification of the leaching mechanism for mobile uranium fraction from different matrices by slow leaching processes.     

Emission of particulate and gaseous pollutants from household laser processing machine

Indoor air quality (IAQ) directly affects the health of occupants. Household manufacturing equipment (HME) used for hobbies or educational purposes is a new and unexplored source of air pollution. In this study, we evaluated the characteristics of particulate and gaseous pollutants produced by a household laser processing equipment (HLPE). Various target materials were tested using a commercial HLPE under various operating conditions of laser power and sheath air flow rate. The mode diameters of the emitted particles gradually decreased as laser power increased, while the particle number concentration (PNC) and particle emission rate (PER) increased. In addition, as the sheath air flow rate quadrupled from 10 to 40 L/min, the mode diameter of the emitted particles decreased by nearly 25%, but the effect on the PNC was insignificant. When the laser induced the target materials at 53 mW, the mode diameters of particles were <150 nm, and PNCs were >2.0 × 10⁴ particles/cm³. Particularly, analyses of sampled aerosols indicated that harmful substances such as sulfur and barium were present in particles emitted from leather. The carcinogenic gaseous pollutants such as acrylonitrile, acetaldehyde, 1,3-butadiene, benzene, and C₈ aromatics (ethylbenzene) were emitted from all target materials. In an actual indoor environment, the PNC of inhalable ultrafine particles (UFPs) was >5 × 10⁴ particles/cm³ during 30 min of HLPE operation. Our results suggest that more meticulous control methods are needed, including the use of less harmful target materials along with filters or adsorbents that prevent emission of pollutants.     

Characterization of chlorine and heavy metals for the potential recycling of bottom ash from municipal solid waste incinerators as cement additives

Bottom ash is an inevitable by-product from municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration plants. Recycling it as additives for cement production is a promising disposal method. However, the heavy metals and chlorine are the main limiting factors because of the potential environmental risks and corrosion of cement kilns. Therefore, investigating heavy metal and chlorine characteristics of bottom ash is the significant prerequisite of its reuse in cement industries. In this study, a correlative analysis was conducted to evaluate the effect of the MSW components and collection mode on the heavy metal and chlorine characteristics in bottom ash. The chemical speciation of insoluble chlorine was also investigated by synchrotron X-ray diffraction analysis. The results showed that industrial waste was the main source of heavy metals, especially Cr and Pb, in bottom ash. The higher contents of plastics and kitchen waste lead to the higher chlorine level (0.6 wt.%–0.7 wt.%) of the bottom ash. The insoluble chlorine in the MSW incineration bottom ash existed primarily as AlOCl, which was produced under the high temperature (1250°C) in incinerators.

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户外噪声相干预测模型及其工程应用

基于几何衍射理论、相干虚源法等理论方法,提出一种适合于工程算法的户外噪声相干预测模型.该相干预测模型不仅能计算声源在经过有限长声屏障或多重声屏障时,由于多条路径衍射声形成的相干声场,还可计算声源在屏障等界面之间经多次反射后,多个反射声形成的相干声场.应用该相干预测模型对某变电站电力变压器周围的相干声场进行预测,通过与ISO9613-2标准算法、边界元法与实测值进行对比,结果表明,该户外噪声相干预测模型能反映出声波在不同位置处的波动性,比原有的ISO9613模型更接近测试结果,证明了所提理论模型的有效性,可应用于大范围的户外噪声预测计算.