锂枝晶导致的锂离子电池内短路模拟研究

锂离子电池内短路是导致其热失控的主要原因之一,机械撞击、集流体边缘毛刺和锂枝晶生长等都可刺穿隔膜导致电池内短路。采用有限元数值模拟方法,对锂枝晶引起的锂离子电池内短路进行了研究,比较分析了不同锂枝晶半径、数量和中心距情况下电池的热响应特征。结果表明锂枝晶导致的电池内短路产热来源主要是正负极可逆和不可逆热。短路电流、产热功率和电池最高温度等都随锂枝晶半径的增大而增大。锂枝晶中心距增大时,短路电流和产热功率也随之变大,但由于受到电解液锂离子浓度的影响二者增加的幅度越来越小。锂枝晶中心距越大时虽然电池总产热量越大,电池平均温度更高,但由于此时短路点分布较分散,电池最高温度却较反而较小。     

锂电池回收液NMP精馏小试研究

采用精馏工艺对锂电池回收液中的N-甲基吡咯烷酮(N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone,NMP)进行回收。考察了pH值、回流比、塔压等因素对工艺流程的影响。结果表明:此工艺有较好的回收效果,当pH值控制在7.0~10.0,蒸发罐的压力为7.5 kPa,蒸馏塔的压力分别为7.5和5.5 kPa,蒸馏塔回流比分别为3和0.5时,NMP回收率高达99.98%,符合工业生产要求。     

Using the cumulative availability curve to assess the threat of mineral depletion: The case of lithium

The cumulative availability curve shows the quantities of a mineral commodity that can be recovered under current conditions from existing resources at various prices. The future availability of a mineral commodity depends on the shape of its cumulative availability curve (determined by geologic considerations, such as the nature and incidence of the available mineral deposits), the speed at which society moves up the curve (determined by future demand and the extent to which this demand is satisfied by recycling), and shifts in the curve (determined by cost-reducing technological change and other factors). While the shape of the curve for any given mineral commodity may or may not be known, it is knowable since the geologic processes responsible for the curve's shape took place many years ago. In contrast, the factors governing how fast society moves up the curve and how the curve shifts over time are not only unknown but also unknowable.Using lithium as an example, this article shows that knowledge about the shape of the cumulative availability curve can by itself provide useful insights for some mineral commodities regarding the potential future threat of shortages due to depletion. Despite the inherent uncertainties surrounding the future growth in lithium demand as well as the uncertainties regarding the future cost-reducing effects of new production technologies, the shape of the lithium cumulative availability curve indicates that depletion is not likely to pose a serious problem over the rest of this century and well beyond.     

锂的用途及其资源开发

锂在原子能工业中具有十分独特的地位 ,被誉为“高能金属” ;它推动着能源工业 ,尤其是电池技术的发展 ,无愧于“能源金属”和“推动世界前进的金属”的称谓。随着技术的发展 ,世界锂业的传统格局和市场分布发生了较大的变革 ,盐湖提锂技术的进步打破了半个世纪以来锂资源的分布和供应格局 ,而澳大利亚、俄罗斯、加拿大和津巴布韦等硬岩型锂资源大国将失去其在世界锂资源和锂盐供应市场上的优势。智利、中国、阿根廷和玻利维亚等国将成为世界拥有锂资源大国。盐湖工业生产的锂产品适应于当今知识经济时代的需求 ,市场前景广阔。笔者介绍了金属锂的一些重要用途 ;分析了锂资源开发的现状 ;指出我国盐湖卤水提锂技术已取得了重大突破 ;透露了作为国家计委批准的西部高技术产业化示范工程项目有关信息 ,年产 30 0 0吨碳酸锂生产线 ,将于2 0 0 5年 6月正式投产。     

从工业废液中回收镍钴合成锂离子电池正极材料LiNixCo1-xO2

探索了从废液中回收镍钻在空气气氛下合成锂离子电池正极材料LiNixCo1-xO2的方法和工艺。结果表明,合成材料的充放电性能都比较好,LiNo0.3Co0.7O2在600℃6h→750℃16h时制得的产物初始充电容量达到154．938mAh/g,接近用分析纯的镍钴原料合成的正极材料LiNi0.3Co0.7O2的首次充电容量（156．146mAh/g）。采用镍钴废液合成锂离子电池正极材料,化害为利,经济可行。     

模组箱体空间内磷酸铁锂电池热失控及其传播行为研究

为了探究储能用锂离子电池在真实应用场景下的热失控及其传播行为特征,选用86 Ah方形磷酸铁锂(LiFePO₄)电池,对其在热滥用触发方式下的热失控行为及模组箱体空间与开放空间中的传播行为规律进行了实验研究。单体实验结果表明,电池热失控产生的高温烟气会导致模组箱体内沿高度方向出现明显温度梯度,模组底部与顶部温度测点的最大温差达118.4℃。传播实验结果表明,模组箱体空间内热失控电池通过产气及喷出高温电解液向其他电池传热,在热失控电池影响下,模组箱体空间内3块电池上表面所能达到的最高温度均高于开放空间实验12℃～150℃,模组空间内热失控电池向同侧两块电池的传热量高于开放空间实验225 kJ和44.4 kJ。但箱体环境中有限的氧气供给会减缓电池在热失控时的内部放热反应进程,模组箱体空间实验中电池热失控峰值温度较开放空间实验低33℃～145℃,并且模组箱体空间实验中热失控完全传播所用时间较开放空间实验滞后213 s。研究结果对于锂离子电池模组的安全设计和热失控传播阻隔具有一定的参考价值与指导意义。     

Recovery of lithium and cobalt from waste lithium ion batteries of mobile phone

In view of the stringent environmental regulations, availability of limited natural resources and ever increasing need of alternative energy critical elements, an environmental eco-friendly leaching process is reported for the recovery of lithium and cobalt from the cathode active materials of spent lithium-ion batteries of mobile phones. The experiments were carried out to optimize the process parameters for the recovery of lithium and cobalt by varying the concentration of leachant, pulp density, reductant volume and temperature. Leaching with 2 M sulfuric acid with the addition of 5% H₂O₂ (v/v) at a pulp density of 100 g/L and 75 °C resulted in the recovery of 99.1% lithium and 70.0% cobalt in 60 min. H₂O₂ in sulfuric acid solution acts as an effective reducing agent, which enhance the percentage leaching of metals. Leaching kinetics of lithium in sulfuric acid fitted well to the chemical controlled reaction model i.e. 1 ? (1 ? X)^1/3 = k_ct. Leaching kinetics of cobalt fitted well to the model ‘ash diffusion control dense constant sizes spherical particles’ i.e. 1 ? 3(1 ? X)^2/3 + 2(1 ? X) = k_ct. Metals could subsequently be separated selectively from the leach liquor by solvent extraction process to produce their salts by crystallization process from the purified solution.     

Implications for the carrying capacity of lithium reserve in China

China is a major supplier of rechargeable lithium batteries for the world's consumer electronics (CE) and electric vehicles (EV). Consequently, China's domestic lithium resources are being rapidly depleted, and the development of the CE and EV industries will be vulnerable to the carrying capacity of China's lithium reserves. Here we find that lithium demand in China will increase significantly due to the continuing growth of demand for CE and the briskly emerging market for EV, resulting in a short carrying duration of lithium, even with full recycling of end-of-life lithium products. With these applications increasing at an annual rate of 7%, the carrying duration of lithium reserves will oblige the end-of-life products recycling with a 90% rate. To sustain the lithium industry, one approach would be to develop the collection system and recycling technology of lithium-containing waste for closed-loop lithium recycling, and other future endeavors should include developing the low-lithium battery and optimizing lithium industrial structure.     

Multi-level energy analysis of emerging technologies: a case study in new materials for lithium ion batteries

A range of new nanomaterials to replace the active materials in lithium ion batteries are currently being studied and employed in an attempt to overcome various performance limitations of previous technologies. Nanomaterial production and manufacturing techniques appear to fit into a general trend towards more energy intensive production methods for high-tech goods. This does not necessarily imply an increase in lifecycle energy use; artefacts that consume or transform energy during use could possibly regain this increased initial input via increased efficiency in use. In particular, this paper highlights that larger gains could be possible if the artefact in question allows a given service to be provided via an alternative and more efficient system entirely.The lifecycle energy efficiencies of lithium ion batteries constructed from several new advanced materials are analysed with several different system boundaries. Although nanomaterials require more energy input to produce, the implications of nanomaterials for energy flows in the use phase (i.e. driving), and higher levels such as the architecture of future transport fuel production systems are much larger in magnitude than the initial lifecycle inputs for producing the materials in question.     

工业废液中镍钴的回收及在锂离子电池正极材料中的应用

探索了从废液中回收镍钴在空气气氛下合成锂离子电池正级材料ＬｉＮｉ２Ｃｏ１－ｘＯ２的方法和工艺。结果表明，合成材料的充放电性能都比较好，ＬｉＮｉ０．３Ｃｏ０．７Ｏ２在６００℃６ｈ－７５０℃１６ｈ时制得的产物初始充电容量达１５４．９３８ｍＡｈ／ｇ，接近用分析纯的镍钴原料合成的正级材料ＬｉＮｉ０．３Ｃｏ０．７Ｏ２的首次充电容量（１５６．１４６ｍＡｈ／ｇ），采用镍钴废液合成锂离子电池正极材料，化害为利，经