CHEMIFOG_V – A Model to Simulate Radiation Fogs and their Interaction with Vegetation and Chemistry

Radiation fog is an important modifier of atmosphericcompounds in the planetary boundary layer. In vegetated areas effects are especially pronounced due to the enlarged surface area. Besides affectingthe lower boundary of atmospheric models fog acts as amulti-phase reaction chamber leading to acid deposition. Here we present the 1-dimensional radiation fog modelCHEMIFOG_V to simulate regional radiation fogevents. The key feature of the fog model is thedetailed microphysics, where the aerosol/dropletspectrum is describedwith a joint 2-dimensional distribution, but also thedynamics, thermodynamics, and radiative transfer are calculated. Toinvestigate the interaction between fog and the biosphere amulti-layer vegetation module, including a soil module as well as a drydeposition module were coupled. Vegetation influences thedynamics, thermodynamics, and the radiation field of the lowestatmospheric layers. With CHEMIFOG_V, numerical case studieson dry and moist deposition processes on vegetation surfaces wereperformed. Hereby multi-phase chemistry and the processing of aerosolswere considered. The results show that the chemical composition of thedeposited fog droplets is mainly determined by the aerosol composition. Dry deposition fluxes are dependent on the incoming radiation and the leaves' surface conditions with respect to water coverage.Due to chemical aerosol processing and deposition, the aerosol spectrumis significantly modified in the planetary boundary layer.     

铁屑吸附-微波辐照-内电解协同处理结晶紫染料废水

以结晶紫为模型化合物,提出了一种新的“铁屑吸附—微波辐照—内电解”协同处理染料废水的方法。试验结果表明,吸附在铁屑表面的染料通过微波催化裂解和内电解协同作用迅速降解,染料溶液的脱色率和COD去除率分别达到99％和95％以上。废铁屑经8次使用后仍有良好的处理效果。研究了各种相关因素对染料废水脱色的影响。     

混凝法处理锰矿选矿废水的试验研究

选取聚合氯化铝（PAC）、聚合硫酸铁（PFS）、聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）和六水合氯化铁（FC）4种常用混凝剂,采用正交试验,以去浊率与去锰率作为综合评价指标,探讨了不同混凝剂处理锰矿选矿废水的效果及最佳混凝条件。结果表明：在以上混凝剂中,FC的混凝效果较差;PAM对锰矿选矿废水的处理效果最优,最佳的混凝条件为：处理500 ml的废水,投加1.5 ml的PAM,pH为7.0,搅拌后沉降20 min,废水经处理后去浊率与去锰率分别为96%、92%,其中废水的pH及投药量对混凝效果的影响较大。     

Effect of organic matter on phosphorus recovery from sewage sludge subjected to microwave hybrid pretreatment

Microwave (MW) hybrid processes are able to disrupt the flocculent structure of complex waste activated sludge, and help promote the recovery of phosphorus as struvite. In this study, to optimize struvite yield, (1) the characteristics of matter released in MW-hybrid treatments were compared, including MW, MW-acid, MW-alkali, MW-H₂O₂, and MW-H₂O₂-alkali. The results showed that selective release of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, Ca^2 +, and Mg^2 + achieved by sludge pretreatment using MW-hybrid processes. MW-H₂O₂ is the recommended sludge pretreatment process for phosphorus recovery in the form of struvite. The ratio of Mg^2 +:NH₄⁺-N:PO₄^3 −-P was 1.2:2.9:1 in the supernatant. (2) To clarify the effects of organic matter on struvite recovery, the composition and molecular weight distribution of organic matters were analyzed. Low molecular weight COD was found to facilitate the removal rate of NH₄⁺-N and PO₄³-P via crystallization, and the amorphous struvite crystals (< 1 kDa) from the filtered solutions had high purity. Therefore, the present study reveals the necessity of taking into consideration the interference effect of high molecular weight organic matters during struvite crystallization from sewage sludge.     

微波辐射作用下人体热调节的数值模拟

探讨了微波辐射的致热生物效应，研究了微波辐射与人体热调节的关系，建立了考虑微波辐射致热效应的人体热调节系统模型。采用数值模拟方法能方便地定量分析微波辐射的致热生物效应。     

改性氧化铝微波诱导氧化处理雅格素蓝BF-BR染料废水的研究

采用微波诱导氧化工艺(MIOP)技术,以改性氧化铝为催化剂,对雅格素蓝BF-BR染料模拟废水进行氧化处理．优化了处理工艺条件,实验在固液质量比为1：10(50mL雅格素蓝BF-BR水溶液中投加5．0g改性氧化铝)、微波功率为400W的条件下微波辐照处理5min．在此工艺条件下,对水中雅格素蓝BF-BR的脱色率可达到98％,COD去除率为87．4％．改性氧化铝在重复使用9次后仍能保持很高的脱色率．进一步研究表明在微波辐射场中废水中的有机污染物在改性氧化铝表面通过吸附．氧化协同作用而被迅速降解．反应动力学研究表明,该氧化过程符合一级反应动力学规律,反应速率常数k=0995min^-1,反应半衰期t1/2=0．697min．实验结果显示,在本实验中改性氧化铝比颗粒活性炭具有更高的催化活性．     

喹啉的微波辅助光催化氧化降解研究

对微波辅助紫外光催化(MV/UV/P25)处理喹啉模拟废水的工艺条件进行了实验研究,并比较了MW、UV、UV/曝气、MW/UV/曝气、MW/UV/P25等五种体系下喹啉的降解,结果表明,微波辐射与紫外光催化(MV/UV/P25)在喹啉的降解过程中具有很好的协同作用,在反应进行到lh时,喹啉的去除率达到了64.9%。实验还对MW/UV/P25体系中喹啉降解的影响因素进行了研究。     

微波消解——原子吸收分光光度法测定土壤中的铜锌镍铬锰铅镉

本文阐述了用微波消解——原子吸收分光光度法测定土壤中的铜锌镍铬锰铅镉。通过硝酸-盐酸-氢氟酸-高氯酸体系消解液对土壤样品进行消解,选择出微波消解的最佳消解条件。通过对微波消解体系和传统电热板硝酸-氢氟酸-高氯酸消解体系进行对比实验,前者不仅操作简便快捷赶酸时间短,而且准确度高、精密度好,提高了工作效率,是一种值得推广的土壤消解方法。     

铬渣的热解无害化处理

采用热解工艺无害化处理铬渣,探讨了稻秆在铬渣无害化处理中的作用.研究了热解温度、稻秆与铬渣质量比、铬渣粒径及保温时间对铬渣热解无害化处理的影响,并分析了热解前后热解产物中铬元素形态的变化.结果表明,热解工艺能有效地将铬渣中Cr(Ⅵ)还原,稻秆热解过程中产生的气相挥发分对Cr(Ⅵ)的还原起核心作用.较为适宜的热解条件:热解温度为400 ℃,稻秆与铬渣质量比为0.10,铬渣粒径<2 000 μm,保温时间为10 min.在该热解条件处理下,热解产物中的Cr(Ⅵ)质量浓度为121 mg/kg,低于热解前铬渣中的Cr(Ⅵ)(3 400 mg/kg).热解后,可交换态及碳酸盐结合态铬含量降低,大部分铬转化成了稳定的有机结合态和残渣态,极大地降低了铬渣的危害.第一作者:张大磊,男,1982生,博士研究生,研究方向为固体废弃物热处理.     

基于层次分析法的Pedersen人因失误模型研究

科技的发展,使机器设备可靠性有了显著提高,工作环境也得到了改善,但由于人的复杂性,人因失误成为主要的致因因素,如何预防和控制人的失误就成为一个非常重要的课题.运用层次分析法的基本原理,结合Pedersen人因失误模型,构建了导致人因失误的层次分析模型,计算结果显示,人在某种状态下承受负荷的能力大小是影响其失误的主要原因.通过实例,证明了计算结果的可靠性,并提出了减少人因失误的建议.