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621.
622.
ABSTRACTUrban planning has become a widely concern for minimizing the negative effects of urban expansion on terrestrial ecosystems. We developed an interdisciplinary modeling framework to evaluate the effectiveness and shortcomings of urban expansion management strategies. A three-step method was applied to Yinchuan Plain in the northwestern of China, including (1) analyzing the relationship between landscape pattern and ecosystem service values through mathematical statistics; (2) predicting landscape pattern and ecosystem services change under different scenarios based on cellular automaton model (SLEUTH-3r model); and (3) designing and validating optimized scenario through integrating historical analysis experiments and future multi-comparison suggestions. Results have suggested that landscape composition and configuration can significantly affect regional ecosystem service values, especially the connectivity and shape of landscape. Compact urban growth policy and medium environment protection policy are the appropriate setting for urban expansion plan. Optimization validation of the combined designed scenario implied the reliability of this method. Our results highlighted the significance of integrating application of landscape pattern analysis, ecosystem service value evaluation, model simulation and multi-scenario prediction in urban planning. 相似文献
623.
基于生态环境监测和气象观测数据,分析了2016~2020年京津冀13个城市臭氧(O3)浓度特征,讨论了O3污染高发月份日最高温度(Tmax)、日均地面气压(p)、日均地面相对湿度(RH)和日均地面风速(v)等气象要素对O3-8h浓度和O3-8h超标情况的影响规律,并采用AQI级别预报准确率、O3浓度范围预报准确率和O3级别预报准确率等方法,评估了基于神经网络的O3统计预报效果.结果表明,2016~2020年期间京津冀13城市ρ(O3-8h-90per)分别为157.4、177.2、177.3、190.6和175.6μg·m-3,区域臭氧浓度5a上升了11.6%,2016~2019年期间总体呈波动上升趋势,2020年环比下降;2020年与2016年相比,除北京、张家口和承德略有下降外,其他10个城市ρ(O3-8h-90per)上升了6~45.5μg·m-3.O3-8h月均值呈现"两头低,中间高"现象,ρ(O3-8h)在4~9月的月均值超过了100 μg·m-3,在6月最高,为158.10 μg·m-3.城市O3-8h超标率范围为8.6%~19.2%,97.8%的O3-8h超标情况发生在4~9月.区域尺度上O3-8h浓度与日最高温度相关性最强,当Tmax在25~28℃区间时,所有城市开始出现O3-8h超标.O3-8h浓度与日均地面气压呈负相关关系;当RH在60%以下时,大部分城市O3-8h浓度随相对湿度上升缓慢增长;当RH在61%~70%以上时,大部分城市O3-8h浓度随日均相对湿度上升而下降.O3-8h超标时的地面主导风向主要为偏南风,大部城市O3-8h浓度高值易集中出现在2~3m·s-1及以下低风速区间.OPAQ统计模式提前1~9 d预报相关系数范围为0.72~0.86,AQI级别预报平均准确率为67%~86%,O3-8h浓度范围预报平均准确率为63%~84%.在O3-8h超标情况多发的4~9月,模式对O3轻度污染和O3-8h超标情况提前3 d预报准确率分别为69%和66%,可为O3-8h超标管控提供参考依据. 相似文献
624.
近年来,亚铁离子活化过硫酸盐的类芬顿(Fe2+-PMS/PS)高级氧化技术发展日趋成熟,但因Fe3+无法还原导致反应停止的问题仍制约其大规模应用.结果发现,当把以双酚A(BPA)为代表的某些有机物与Fe3+和TiO2混合,所形成的某种络合物可以拓宽TiO2光响应范围捕获可见光,通过TiO2将光生电子传递给Fe3+进行还原,从而实现Fe3+/Fe2+的无限循环.依据上述原理,构建了可见光下BPA-TiO2-Fe3+-PS复合体系来降解BPA,并对其催化性能、催化机制和影响因素进行探讨.结果表明,该体系具有突出的催化性能,60 min内BPA(50 mg·L-1)降解率达到93.1%,矿化度达到70%.同时验证该体系可以通过双酚A自生光电子还原Fe3+, 60 min还原得到的Fe2+稳... 相似文献
625.
生物炭对盐碱土壤氨挥发的影响 总被引:5,自引:4,他引:1
为探明生物炭对黄河三角洲盐碱土壤氨(NH_3)挥发的影响,通过室内连续培养的方式,先测定改良的通气法对土壤NH_3挥发的回收率,再对比施加肥料颗粒与肥料水溶液对土壤NH_3挥发的影响,最后探究生物炭的种类、添加量及施肥种类对NH_3挥发速率和总量的影响.结果表明,以硫酸铵为氮源进行的NH_3挥发捕集实验,NH_3回收率平均值高达100. 30%.在相同施氮量下,施加尿素水溶液的处理比施加尿素颗粒的处理NH_3挥发减少了60. 29%,施加硫酸铵水溶液的处理比施加硫酸铵颗粒的处理NH_3挥发减少了61. 40%.相较于不添加生物炭只施用硫酸铵水溶液的空白处理,添加0. 5%生物炭且施加生物炭种类为水稻300℃(RB-300)、水稻600℃(RB-600)、棉花300℃(CB-300)和棉花600℃(CB-600)的处理,NH_3挥发总量分别减少了18. 68%、16. 16%、9. 35%和8. 26%,且施肥后2d内NH_3挥发速率最大,占总挥发量的53. 80%~64. 02%.添加生物炭后,NH_3挥发量随生物炭添加量的增加呈现出先降低后增加的趋势.因此,田间施肥前添加少量生物炭并结合水肥一体化管理技术,可以有效地减少NH_3挥发并提高氮肥利用率. 相似文献
626.
以可生物降解聚合物聚己内酯(PCL)和聚羟基丁酸戊酸酯(PHBV)作为反硝化缓释碳源和微生物载体,利用清水释碳和批式反硝化试验选出适用于再生水反硝化深度脱氮生物滤池的可生物降解碳源滤料,通过比较与分析碳源滤料的表面形态及物质特性和附着微生物的群落特征揭示其性能优越的原因.结果表明,PHBV反硝化启动时间短,反硝化速率高,剩余有机物浓度低,相比PCL具有更稳定持续的反硝化效果.原因是其表面粗糙,且含有大量C—O和CO等亲水性基团,易于微生物附着和降解利用;其表面附着的微生物种类多样,其中发硫菌属(Thiothrix)、假单胞属(Pseudomonas)、菌胶团属(Zoogloea)、黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium)和脱氯菌属(Dechloromonas)等优势菌属均具有异养反硝化功能.因此,PHBV更适合作为再生水反硝化深度脱氮生物滤池的碳源滤料. 相似文献
627.
This research investigated the performance of lime-BHA (black rice husk ash) solidified plating sludge with 2 wt% NaO from Na(2)SiO(3) and Na(2)CO(3) at the level of 0, 30 and 50 wt%. The sludge was evaluated for strength development, leachability, solution chemistry and microstructure. The lime-BHA solidified plating sludge with Na(2)SiO(3) and Na(2)CO(3) had higher early strength when compared to the control. The addition of Na(2)SiO(3) and Na(2)CO(3) increased the OH(-) concentration and decreased the Ca(2+) and heavy metal ions in solution after the first minute. The XRD patterns showed that the addition of Na(2)SiO(3) resulted in the formation of calcium silicate hydrates, while the addition of Na(2)CO(3) resulted in CaCO(3). The heavy metals from the plating sludge, especially Zn, were immobilized in calcium zincate and calcium zinc silicate forms for the lime-BHA with and without Na(2)SiO(3) solidified wastes, while samples with Na(2)CO(3) contained Zn that was fixed in the form of CaZnCO(3). The cumulative leaching of Fe, Cr and Zn from the lime-BHA solidified plating sludge decreased significantly when activators were added, especially Na(2)CO(3). 相似文献
628.
In the Pacific northwestern (PNW) region of North America, climatic conditions have significantly warmed since a predominantly cool phase of the Pacific North American circulation patterns between 1950 and 1975. What are the implications of this shift in climate for the vulnerability of native tree species? To address this question, we combined mechanistic and statistical models to assess where a variety of native tree species might be more vulnerable within their recorded ranges and where they might potentially migrate. For long-lived species that are well adapted to compete, seasonal differences in photosynthesis and water use offer insights helpful in predicting their distributions. To evaluate the general response of conifers to climatic variation across the region, we previously applied a process-based model (3-PG), to simulate the growth and maximum leaf area index that Douglas-fir could attain within recognized forested areas. We then constructed automated decision tree models to define and map the ecological distributions of 15 tree species based on differences in how photosynthesis was constrained by drought, daytime temperatures, high evaporative demand, and the frequency of frost. For the baseline climate period (1950-1975), the decision tree models predicted presence and absence of each species at ∼23,000 observations with an average accuracy of 81%, with an average kappa statistic of 0.74. In this paper the same models were run annually for the period between 1976 and 2006 for each species, and the areas defined as remaining suitable or becoming vulnerable to disturbance were identified based on whether more or less than half of the years fell within the originally defined limits. Based on these criteria, 70% of the species recorded ranges remained suitable, with 30% deemed vulnerable. Results varied notably by species with western red cedar and western hemlock remaining highly adapted, with potential for range expansion in area of up to 50% relative to the baseline period. In contrast, ponderosa pine, lodgepole pine, grand, and noble fir were classified as vulnerable with potential net contractions in their ranges. The analysis was extended through the rest of the 21st century using climatic projections from the Canadian global circulation model with a high fossil fuel emission scenario (A2) and compared to other previously published species range predictions. 相似文献
629.
Rudd MA 《Conservation biology》2011,25(6):1165-1175
The large investments needed if loss of biological diversity is to be stemmed will likely lead to increased public and political scrutiny of conservation strategies and the science underlying them. It is therefore crucial to understand the degree of consensus or divergence among scientists on core scientific perceptions and strategies most likely to achieve given objectives. I developed an internet survey designed to elucidate the opinions of conservation scientists. Conservation scientists (n =583) were unanimous (99.5%) in their view that a serious loss of biological diversity is likely, very likely, or virtually certain. Scientists' agreement that serious loss is very likely or virtually certain ranged from 72.8% for Western Europe to 90.9% for Southeast Asia. Tropical coral ecosystems were perceived as the most seriously affected by loss of biological diversity; 88.0% of respondents familiar with that ecosystem type agreed that a serious loss is very likely or virtually certain. With regard to conservation strategies, scientists most often viewed understanding how people and nature interact in certain contexts and the role of biological diversity in maintaining ecosystem function as their priorities. Protection of biological diversity for its cultural and spiritual values and because of its usefulness to humans were low priorities, which suggests that many scientists do not fully support the utilitarian concept of ecosystem services. Many scientists expressed a willingness to consider conservation triage, engage in active conservation interventions, and consider reframing conservation goals and measures of success for conservation of biological diversity in an era of climate change. Although some heterogeneity of opinion is evident, results of the survey show a clear consensus within the scientific community on core issues of the extent and geographic scope of loss of biological diversity and on elements that may contribute to successful conservation strategies in the future. 相似文献
630.
Knowledge gain and behavioral change in citizen-science programs 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Citizen-science programs are often touted as useful for advancing conservation literacy, scientific knowledge, and increasing scientific-reasoning skills among the public. Guidelines for collaboration among scientists and the public are lacking and the extent to which these citizen-science initiatives change behavior is relatively unstudied. Over two years, we studied 82 participants in a three-day program that included education about non-native invasive plants and collection of data on the occurrence of those plants. Volunteers were given background knowledge about invasive plant ecology and trained on a specific protocol for collecting invasive plant data. They then collected data and later gathered as a group to analyze data and discuss responsible environmental behavior with respect to invasive plants. We tested whether participants without experience in plant identification and with little knowledge of invasive plants increased their knowledge of invasive species ecology, participation increased knowledge of scientific methods, and participation affected behavior. Knowledge of invasive plants increased on average 24%, but participation was insufficient to increase understanding of how scientific research is conducted. Participants reported increased ability to recognize invasive plants and increased awareness of effects of invasive plants on the environment, but this translated into little change in behavior regarding invasive plants. Potential conflicts between scientific goals, educational goals, and the motivation of participants must be considered during program design. 相似文献