利用自养煤矸石砖技术治理铬渣初步研究

本研究通过焙烧试验 ,对利用自养煤矸石砖技术治理铬渣进行了初步研究。结果表明 ,在自养煤矸石砖的焙烧过程中 ,其中炭和自身热量能将铬渣中六价铬还原成 (三价铬 )。本研究确定了该铬渣治理方法工艺简单、成本低、解毒彻底、稳定性强 ,具有广泛的应用前景。     

基于投影寻踪的洪水灾情评价插值模型

为解决单项洪水灾情等级评价指标评价结果的不相容问题,提高综合评价各层次的分辩力和评价模型的精度,本文利用投影寻踪、遗传算法、插值型曲线,为洪水灾情评价提供了一种新模型--遗传投影寻踪插值模型.通过最佳投影向量和评价指标向量的内积可把洪水灾情多维评价样本指标综合成一维投影指标,根据该投影指标值和对应等级的分布,可建立洪水灾情评价的插值模型,解决了各单项洪水灾情评价指标评价结果的不相容问题,提高了洪水灾情综合评价问题各层次的分辩力.作为示例,对中国部分省市的洪水灾情进行了综合评价.     

冬小麦灌溉减损经济效益的初步探讨

灌溉是获取作物高产的主要措施之一,灌溉减损经济效益与农民收入和生产经济效益密切相关.提出了从灌溉次数和灌溉量参数入手,根据灌溉投入和灌溉减损量来分析灌溉减损效益、减灾效益和生产经济效益;以华北冬麦区单点试验和调查结果为例,讨论了该方法在冬小麦减灾评估应用中的普适性和可行性.     

国有大型企业灾害和事故损失分析方法研究——以某大型企业集团统计数据为例

我国的企业灾害和事故每年均造成了较为严重的人员伤亡和经济损失．因此控制企业、特别是大型企业的灾害和事故是十分重要的。对灾害和事故损失的定量分析是评估企业风险程度和确定其风险管理方式的基础。在定量分析的方法中，统计学方法仅适用于单坝灾害损失分析，而模糊物元方法则适用于多项灾害损大的综合分析．在模糊物元方法的分析角度方面，政府更多地是从社会角度评估企业的损失，而缺少补偿考虑的损失评估往往会造成评估值的偏差。企业作为独立经营的实体．更多地是从可持续经营角度评估损失，以补偿为核心的损失定量评估对企业较为适宜，以此为基础得出的损失数据和损大模型更有助于企州；确定适当的风险管理措施。     

城市区域风易损结构风灾损失分析研究

城市风易损结构在台风等强风灾害下的损坏及倒塌将严重影响城市社会的运行安全。以户外广告牌作为典型城市风易损结构物,提出基于结构参数的风易损结构抗风分析方法。针对城市广告牌分布具有的区域空间分布特征及局部风效应,以城市区域风灾为研究对象,结合区域数值风场模拟分析对城市区域风灾损失进行了分析研究。     

2009年中国大陆地震灾害损失述评

在列出2009年中国5.0级以上地震目录的基础上,结合年度有关省(自治区、直辖市)地震局的地震灾害评估资料,总结出2009年中国大陆地震灾害的主要数据和特性。最后对自1990年以来中国大陆地震灾害的相关数据进行了简要的比较。     

Study of non-revenue water status and enforcement measures to reduce water loss: case study in villages of Kermanshah Province of Iran

In this study, the volume and the cash value of water loss, and reduction of water loss as a result of enforcement action during 2011–2013 in the drinking water network of villages in Kermanshah Province, Iran, have been investigated. Date collected by referring to the different parts of rural water and waste water company of Kermanshah Province and checklist were completed. The study showed the volume of produced water and sold water has increased and the water loss percentage has decreased. High cost of water production compared to revenue of sold water and water loss resulted in significant detriments in terms of the water production costs. Water loss level decreased from 33% to 30% as result of measures taken to reduce water loss but, it is still 15% higher than the world average level. Also the reduction in number of water resources and increase in the number and volume of reservoirs indicates a lack of water and a growing need. As result of high water loss, waste of costs in the contrast of water production cost and also because physical water loss accounts for most of the water loss of villages, necessary measures can be effective in reducing loss and have economic justification.     

Effect of flue gas recirculation on nitric oxide (NO) emissions during the coal grate-fired process

Flue gas recirculation (FGR) is a low nitrogen oxide (NO_X) combustion technology. The present study used standard gas to simulate the cycle gas (the main ingredients of which are oxygen (O₂), nitrogen (N₂), and carbon dioxide (CO₂)). The coal grate-fired process was divided into three zones, namely (1) volatilization zone, (2) main combustion zone, and (3) char combustion and burn-out zone. The effects of FGR on coal combustion and NO emissions were investigated in these zones of a unit-boiler experimental system. An industrial test was then conducted on a chain boiler that previously used FGR. Data showed that if the cycle gas was directed into the furnace from the volatilization zone, the curve of the coal surface temperature moved backwards, the temperature peak increased, and coal ignition was delayed. When the FGR rate was 20%, NO emissions/g coal was 41.8% less than in the absence of FGR, in the overall combustion process except for the volatilization zone. An industrial test demonstrated that FGR decreased the NO emissions and incomplete-combustion loss of gas. NO and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions were reduced by 26.9 and 38%, respectively. These observations may prove to be beneficial in reducing ambient air pollution and saving energy.     

浅议突发环境事件直接经济损失评估工作方法

直接经济损失评估作为确定突发环境事件级别、事故追责、刑事判罚、行政处罚的重要依据,是突发环境事件环境损害评估的一项重要工作内容。由于工作起步较晚,它目前存在缺少规范有效的工作制度、缺少工作标准依据和工作细则等问题,给评估工作造成困难。本文结合实际工作经验,讨论评估工作程序和基本方法,包括基础数据收集方法、数据整理方法、数据审核原则以及财产和生态损害评估的量化原则,设计出一套数据调查和整理表格,提出了设备、材料、人工、行政等费用的具体审核标准,并对直接经济损失评估工作的开展提出对策建议。     

石化企业储罐大呼吸损耗影响因素的分析

储罐是石化行业挥发性有机物(VOCs)无组织排放源的重要组成部分。采用美国环保署推荐的储罐VOCs排放量计算公式,以云南某炼化企业的典型热渣油立式固定顶罐以及北京某石化企业的汽油外浮顶罐和甲苯内浮顶罐为基准案例进行储罐大呼吸损耗量的计算,考察了其影响因素,总结出影响储罐大呼吸损耗的关键参数,并有针对性地提出降耗措施。结果表明:影响固定顶罐大呼吸损耗的关键参数为气相分子摩尔质量、日平均液体表面温度和年周转量;影响外浮顶罐大呼吸损耗的首要关键参数为罐壁黏附系数,其次为年周转量和有机液体的密度;影响内浮顶罐大呼吸损耗的首要关键参数为罐壁黏附系数,其次为年周转量和固定顶支撑柱数量。