桂西北喀斯特地区水土流失敏感性评价

由于碳酸盐岩的可溶蚀性、所形成土壤的不稳定性及碳酸盐岩植被的脆弱性等特征,在碳酸盐岩区水土流失的风险较非碳酸盐岩区更大,水土流失敏感性受岩性的影响比非碳酸盐岩地区更明显。作为生态功能区划的基础性工作,针对桂西北喀斯特地区生态环境特征,以河池市为例,分别建立了碳酸盐岩区域和非碳酸盐岩区域水土流失敏感性评价指标体系。以碳酸盐岩区岩性的差异为主导指标,在GIS技术支持下,对研究区水土流失敏感性进行评价,并分析其空间分布格局。结果显示：桂西北河池市水土流失敏感区面积比例在99%以上,其中碳酸盐岩区域水土流失敏感性明显高于非碳酸盐岩区域;从全市来看,水土流失敏感程度较高,其中高度敏感和极度敏感面积比例分别达到了31%和237%;水土流失重要敏感区主要分布于河池市南部的都安大化和中北部岩溶山原区,这些地区应加强生态环境防护措施。     

Modeling watershed-scale effectiveness of agricultural best management practices to reduce phosphorus loading

Planners advocate best management practices (BMPs) to reduce loss of sediment and nutrients in agricultural areas. However, the scientific community lacks tools that use readily available data to investigate the relationships between BMPs and their spatial locations and water quality. In rural, humid regions where runoff is associated with saturation-excess processes from variable source areas (VSAs), BMPs are potentially most effective when they are located in areas that produce the majority of the runoff. Thus, two critical elements necessary to predict the water quality impact of BMPs include correct identification of VSAs and accurate predictions of nutrient reduction due to particular BMPs. The objective of this research was to determine the effectiveness of BMPs using the Variable Source Loading Function (VSLF) model, which captures the spatial and temporal evolutions of VSAs in the landscape. Data from a long-term monitoring campaign on a 164-ha farm in the New York City source watersheds in the Catskills Mountains of New York state were used to evaluate the effectiveness of a range of BMPs. The data spanned an 11-year period over which a suite of BMPs, including a nutrient management plan, riparian buffers, filter strips and fencing, was installed to reduce phosphorus (P) loading. Despite its simplicity, VSLF predicted the spatial distribution of runoff producing areas well. Dissolved P reductions were simulated well by using calibrated reduction factors for various BMPs in the VSLF model. Total P losses decreased only after cattle crossings were installed in the creek. The results demonstrated that BMPs, when sited with respect to VSAs, reduce P loss from agricultural watersheds, providing useful information for targeted water quality management.     

Compensating aboriginal cultural losses: An alternative approach to assessing environmental damages

We first identify six primary problems with conventional practice: lack of context, inadequate participation from aboriginal communities, exclusion of important losses, reliance on market-based measures, neglect of uncertainty, and inadequate treatment of time. We then propose a different approach to compensation, based on insights from the decision sciences and structured decision making. Using case-study examples, we discuss how the proposed approach might address common sources of cultural loss and, in a concluding section, summarize some of the implications for compensation agreements and for environmental management practices.     

安徽省环境系统经济损失值及其分布特征

提出了环境系统经济损失概念,并在这一概念框架中建立了符合安徽省实际情况的指标体系,测算了以货币值表达的１９９０年的安徽省及该省分地市、分行业,以及各损体类型的环境系统经济损失值,分析了各损失分布特征。结果表明,安徽省为人口增长和经济发展所付出的环境损失代价是巨大的。     

Evaluation of oasis ecosystem risk by reliability theory in an arid area： A case study in the Shiyang River Basin, China

Ecosystem risk is a new concept in understanding environmental problems. It is important to study and develop quantitative methods for regional ecosystem risk analysis. In this study, some new indicators and methods for measuring oasis ecosystem risk were established using reliability theory. These indicators are linked to water resource, which is the key restricting factor in arid area oasis ecosystems. They have clear meanings and can also be compared in different arid area oases. A case study in the Liangzhou oasis of the Shiyang River Basin in China shows how to calculate these ecosystem risk indicators. The results of the case study are as follows： the reliability indicator, risk indicator, stability indicator, and integrated loss indicator of the Liangzhou oasis are 0.686, 0.314, 0.743, and 0.301, respectively. This means that the reliability degree of the oasis＇s ecosystem safety is 68.6%; the degree of risk that it is unsafe is 31.4%; the stability degree is 74.3%; and 30.1% of the oasis＇s area is supported by over-exploiting underground water and damaging the lower reaches of the ecosystem. This result can be used as a guide in controlling and managing ecosystem risk in the research area.     

Anaerobic biodegradation of benzene series compounds by mixed cultures based on optional electronic acceptors

A series of batch experiments were performed using mixed bacterial consortia to investigate biodegradation performance of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and three xylene isomers （BTEX） under nitrate, sulfate and ferric iron reducing conditions. The results showed that toluene, ethylbenzene, m-xylene and o-xylene could be degraded independently by the mixed cultures coupled to nitrate, sulfate and ferric iron reduction. Under ferric iron reducing conditions the biodegradation of benzene and p-xylene could be occurred only in the presence of other alkylbenzenes. Alkylbenzenes can serve as the primary subs＇rates to stimulate the transformation of benzene and p-xylene under anaerobic conditions. Benzene and p-xylene are more toxic than toluene and ethylbenzene, under the three terminal electron acceptors conditions, the degradation rates decreased with toluene 〉 ethylbenzene 〉 m-xylene 〉 o-xylene〉 benzene 〉 p- xylene. Nitrate was a more favorable electron acceptor compared to sulfate and ferric iron. The ratio between sulfate consumed and the loss of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, o-xylene, m-xylene, p-xylene was 4.44, 4.51, 4.42, 4.32, 4.37 and 4.23, respectively; the ratio between nitrate consumed and the loss of these substrates was 7.53, 6.24, 6.49, 7.28, 7.81, 7.61, respectively; the ratio between the consumption of ferric iron and the loss of toluene, ethylbenzene, o-xylene, m-xylene was 17.99, 18.04, 18.07, 17.97, respectively.     

Assessment of a turfgrass sod best management practice on water quality in a suburban watershed

The disposal of manure on agricultural land has caused water quality concerns in many rural watersheds, sometimes requiring state environmental agencies to conduct total maximum daily load (TMDL) assessments of stream nutrients, such as nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). A best management practice (BMP) has been developed in response to a TMDL that mandates a 50% reduction of annual P load to the North Bosque River (NBR) in central Texas. This BMP exports composted dairy manure P through turfgrass sod from the NBR watershed to urban watersheds. The manure-grown sod releases P slowly and would not require additional P fertilizer for up to 20 years in the receiving watershed. This would eliminate P application to the sod and improve the water quality of urban streams. The soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) was used to model a typical suburban watershed that would receive the sod grown with composted dairy manure to assess water quality changes due to this BMP. The SWAT model was calibrated to simulate historical flow and estimated sediment and nutrient loading to Mary's Creek near Fort Worth, Texas. The total P stream loading to Mary's Creek was lower when manure-grown sod was transplanted instead of sod grown with inorganic fertilizers. Flow, sediment and total N yield were the same for both cases at the watershed outlet. The SWAT simulations indicated that the turfgrass BMP can be used effectively to import manure P into an urban watershed and reduce in-stream P levels when compared to sod grown with inorganic fertilizers.     

土壤磷素循环及其对土壤磷流失的影响

农业非点源磷的输出是造成地表水富营养化的主要因素之一,弄清土壤磷的流失机理可为进一步控制农田径流磷的流失提供理论依据.文章总结了国内外在土壤磷素循环研究成果,并对其加以评述,在此基础上分析了土壤磷素循环对研究土壤磷的径流流失的重要作用.关健词土壤磷;循环;流失     

地震电磁辐射前兆判据探讨

本文对DPJ和ULF型地震电磁辐射观测仪观测场量的主要特征进行简单的理论分析,并综合国内各地观测资料,初步探讨了电磁辐射方法在短临预报应用中有关时、空、强的前兆判据问题:1.电磁辐射异常信号的弱-强-弱-平静-发震的变化过程中,多点位异常时间趋于集中之后的信号减弱甚至平静,可能是数十小时内发震的一种标志。2.目前所观测到的地震电磁辐射信号主要来自震源(或震中)方向。3.利用lgT-M关系曲线能在一定程度上定量估算未来地震的强度。     

基于NLM的三峡重庆库区面源污染负荷研究

随机性、模糊性、不确定性很强的面污染源是水环境污染中最主要的污染源。面源污染负荷的准确估算是研究和治理面源污染的基础。现在的面源污染数字模型大多数建立于DEM之上，高成本的DEM限制着这类模型的发展。新兴模型——NLM以面源污染发生机理完善而著称。借助于NLM，以三峡重庆库区为例研究分析面源污染的机理，面源污染负荷随时间的变化以及面源负荷受各因素的影响程度等。从硝化、反硝化、矿化、吸附等作用过程中更深层地剖析了面源污染行为；掌握了面源污染物TP、NH3-N、NO3-N的随时间的变化规律及降雨量、土壤有机成分、土壤气温、总辐照等因子对各污染物负荷的影响及相互关系。总之，NLM为开展面源污染负荷及影响因素的研究提供了科学依据。