油品蒸发损耗及其回收处理技术

油品在储运、销售、应用过程中,存在着大量的蒸发损耗,油气回收是解决这一问题最有效的方法.常用的油气回收处理方法包括燃烧法、冷凝法、溶剂吸收法、吸附法、膜分离法等.将不同的回收方法进行有机组合,能实现技术互补,进而提高油气的回收效率.对油气回收系统进行评价,显示出其良好的社会、环境、经济效益.     

堆肥嗜热纤维素分解菌的筛选鉴定及其强化堆肥研究

对采集于农业堆肥高温期的微生物样品进行30d的高温驯化,驯化完成后从中筛选得到15株嗜热纤维素分解菌,经形态学特征、生理生化反应及16S rDNA序列同源性比对鉴定为:Bacillus sp3株,Paenibacillus sp1株,Bacillus licheniformis3株,Bacillus subtilis4株,Brevibacillus borstelensis1株,Bacillus coagulans3株.将筛选得到的菌种添加至高纤维素含量的堆体进行效果验证,结果表明添加嗜热纤维素分解菌对堆肥pH变化无显著影响,但可提高堆肥高温期温度、延长高温期并显著地降低堆肥产品的C/N和有机质含量,显著降低纤维素和半纤维素含量,加快堆肥腐熟.堆体有机质降解动力学结果表明,堆体接菌和不接菌处理的有机质最大降解度分别为62.5481%和61.7101%,速率常数分别为0.1250d-1和0.1051d-1,接菌处理的堆肥比对照堆肥提前6d达到稳定.研究表明,添加筛选的嗜热纤维素分解菌能缩短堆肥周期.     

Is the availability of different nutrients a critical factor for the impact of bacteria on subterraneous carbon budgets?

Bacteria thriving in underground systems, such as karsts, adapt to use a variety of nutrients. Most of these nutrients derive from superficial processes. This study shows that bacteria are able to differentially induce carbonate precipitation or dissolution depending on the availability of nutrients for growth. Different bacterial strains isolated from caves, representing the most common components of these microbial communities, were cultured with different carbon and nitrogen sources (e.g., acetate, glucose, peptone, humic acids) and induced changes in pH were measured during growth. Carbonate can either precipitate or dissolve during bacterial growth. The induction of carbonate precipitates or their dissolution as a function of consumption of specific carbon sources revealed the existence of an active nutrient cycling process in karsts and links nutrients and environmental conditions to the existence of a highly significant carbon sink in subterraneous environments.     

Correction model for CO detection in the coal combustion loss process in mines based on GWO-SVM

Accurate detection of CO gas is crucial to the prevention of coal combustion. Tuneable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) is a reliable method for CO detection during coal combustion. The influences of temperature and pressure cause changes in the line strength and linewidth of the index gases’ absorption spectra, leading to sizable measurement errors. To correct the distortion of the CO absorption spectrum caused by temperature and pressure fluctuation, a compensation model based on the grey wolf optimizer–support vector machine (GWO–SVM) was proposed. The results were compared with those of the single SVM, the back propagation neural network (BPNN), and multiple regression analysis (MRA). MRA was revealed to result in the lowest accuracy, which indicated that MRA is not ideal for compensation in TDLAS. The hyperparameter selection of the SVM had the disadvantages of randomness and blindness, which led to instability and large errors. The BPNN achieved better correction in the training stage, but severe overfitting occurred in the testing stage. The modified results revealed that the GWO–SVM model had higher accuracy and stability than the other models. It effectively inhibited the effects of temperature and pressure on the measured concentration and greatly improved the measurement accuracy. The equipment is thus suitable for CO gas detection with the aim to preventing coal combustion loss, and it can be further applied to loss prevention in other process fields.     

基于压力与温度对损失瓦斯量影响试验研究*

为研究取芯管取芯过程中压力与温度对损失瓦斯量的影响,以及t法的偏差,利用自主研发的取芯管取芯过程模拟测试装置,基于模拟试验的相似性,开展不同加热功率下取芯过程模拟试验与室温（30 ℃）对比,以及变温条件下不同吸附压力取芯过程模拟试验。结果表明:前30 min煤芯瓦斯解吸曲线符合Qt=a+b/［1+(t/t0)c］。吸附压力一定时,取芯过程模拟测试的煤芯瓦斯解吸率均大于室温下的对比测试,3~16 min（退钻过程）温度对损失量的影响大于0~3 min（取芯过程）;随着加热功率的增加,煤芯瓦斯解吸量增大,煤芯损失瓦斯量的模拟值亦增大;t法推算值与模拟值的绝对误差随加热功率的增大而增大,相对误差在65.08%~70.79%;加热功率一定时,随着吸附压力的增加,煤芯瓦斯解吸量愈大,煤芯损失瓦斯量t法推算值增大,模拟值亦增大;t法推算值与模拟值的绝对误差随吸附压力的增大而增大,相对误差在68.21%~72.13%。     

中空结构可燃物竖直向上火蔓延特性实验研究*

为探究中空结构固体可燃物竖直向上火蔓延的特征规律,针对不同试样内径(d)的瓦楞纸圆管进行竖直向上的火蔓延实验研究,探讨试样内径对其竖直向上火蔓延特性的影响。结果表明:其火蔓延过程可以分为火焰发展、稳定蔓延和火焰衰弱3个阶段,蔓延过程中对流换热占据主导地位;平均火焰高度随d的增大先增大后略微减小,在d=70 mm时达到最大;火蔓延速率和质量损失速率均随d的增大而增大,并且质量损失速率与d存在较好的线性关系;火蔓延速率与热释放速率呈现出较好的幂次关系。可以发现在一定范围内,中空结构可燃物的内径越大其火灾危险性越高。     

Water quality in rice-growing watersheds in a Mediterranean climate

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) agriculture is estimated to cover 161 million ha of land on Earth, with 10% grown in temperate regions. Currently there are strong concerns about surface water nutrient pollution, and the purpose of this study was to determine the impacts of temperate rice cultivation on nutrient dynamics at the small watershed scale. Over the course of the 2008 growing season (May through September), bi-weekly grab samples were collected from outlets of 11 agricultural subwatersheds in California. Samples were analyzed for NO₃-N, NH₄-N, PO₄-P, K, and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) concentrations, and the average values across all subwatersheds and sampling dates were 0.22, 0.031, 0.047, 1.36, and 0.32 mg L⁻¹, respectively. Linear mixed effects analysis was used to evaluate the magnitude of relationships between nutrient concentration and flux and subwatershed characteristics (i.e. percent soil clay and organic matter, percent rice area, irrigation water reuse, subwatershed discharge, irrigated area, and time, measured as the day in the growing season). For all nutrients, flux decreased over time and increased with discharge. Concentrations of K and DON were highest at the start and end of the growing season. Concentrations of NH₄-N were near non-detect levels, with the exception of a peak in mid-July, which corresponds to when many growers top-dress rice fields with N fertilizer. Nitrate-N concentration and flux decreased with percent rice area, whereas PO₄-P concentrations increased with percent rice area, indicating that rice area should be considered in future watershed-scale studies of nutrient discharge. In all subwatersheds, the discharge loads of K were smaller than surface water input loads, while NO₃-N, NH₄-N, PO₄-P, and DON discharge loads exceeded input loads when total growing season discharge was greater than 3500-6600 m³ ha⁻¹. This implies that the management of subwatershed discharge can be used to control nutrient export from rice-growing areas.     

机动车尾气排放VOCs源成分谱及其大气反应活性

选取轻型汽油车、重型柴油车和摩托车等城市典型机动车种分别采用底盘测功机及实际道路实验,结合SUMMA罐采样的方法,获得了小轿车、出租车、公交车、卡车、摩托车和LPG助动车的尾气VOCs样品,利用气相色谱-质谱分析了各车型机动车尾气VOCs的浓度及其物种组成.结果表明,轻型汽油车尾气VOCs以甲苯、二甲苯等芳香烃为主,占43.38%～44.45%;重型柴油车以丙烷、n-十二烷及n-十一烷等烷烃组分为主,占46.86%～48.57%,还有13.28%～15.01%的丙酮等含氧特征组分;摩托车与LPG助动车的主要成分为乙炔,分别占39.75%和76.67%左右.各车型中,摩托车和轻型汽油车尾气VOCs的化学活性显著高于重型柴油车辆,以上海市为例,其大气化学活性贡献分别占55%和44%左右,是影响城市和区域大气氧化能力的关键污染源,其中以甲苯、二甲苯、丙烯、苯乙烯等关键活性物种的贡献最大.     

排水循环灌溉下稻田磷素时空分布特征

排水循环灌溉具有提高降水资源利用率和减少农田面源污染的潜力,为缓解我国南方地区降雨分布与水稻作物需水时间不匹配和农田磷流失污染的问题,开展了排水循环灌溉条件下稻田磷素时空分布规律研究.采用田间试验的方法,监测藕塘水和鱼塘水循环灌溉下水稻田面水和渗漏水中总磷、可溶性磷和可溶性反应磷的质量浓度,及土壤剖面总磷与Olsen-P含量的变化.结果表明,排水循环灌溉下水稻田面水和渗漏水中不同形态磷素质量浓度沿程降低,尤其渗漏水磷质量浓度的减少趋势更为显著,排水循环灌溉水源中磷质量浓度在一定范围内的变化不会增加田面水和渗漏水中的磷质量浓度.田面水和渗漏水中不同形态磷质量浓度在不同灌溉时期的变化较大,8月田面水和渗漏水的磷质量浓度明显低于其它时期.表土Olsen-P含量随距进水口的距离的增加而减少,并随排水循环灌溉水中磷质量浓度的增加而增加;土壤剖面TP含量受排水循环灌溉的影响不明显.在8月水稻需肥高峰期进行排水循环灌溉或延长灌溉水的流程,可明显改善排水循环灌溉下稻田的磷素去除效率.     

基于底栖动物的水质生物学评价——以江苏骆马湖为例

基于2018年1—11月骆马湖水质和底栖动物逐月监测数据,利用Goodnight指数(GBI)、生物学污染指数(BPI)、Shannon-Wiener指数(H′)等生物学指数对水质现状进行了评价。结果表明,骆马湖ρ(总氮)年均值为2.31 mg/L,ρ(总氮)和ρ(溶解氧)呈先下降后上升趋势;ρ(总磷)年均值为0.05 mg/L,先上升于8月达到峰值(0.15 mg/L)后下降;高锰酸盐指数呈先上升后下降趋势;ρ(氟离子)呈逐渐下降趋势,水温和电导率存在明显季节变化,pH值呈逐渐升高趋势。共鉴定出底栖动物27种,其中软体动物5种,环节动物7种,节肢动物15种。铜锈环棱螺(Bellamya aeruginosa)、红裸须摇蚊(Propsilocerus akamusi)、纹沼螺(Parafossarulus striatulus)、苏氏尾鳃蚓(Branchiura sowerbyi)、霍甫水丝蚓(Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri)、多巴小摇蚊(Microchironomus tabarui)和中国长足摇蚊(Tanypus chinensis)是现阶段优势种。全湖底栖动物年均密度为174.5个/m 2,年均生物量为24.93 g/m 2,表现出明显的时空差异。水质评价结果表明,骆马湖水环境处于中污染状态。结合近年来研究结果,骆马湖底质荒漠化现象趋于好转,但富营养化趋势正在加深。