大流量高流速溶洞堵漏技术的研究

在岩溶地区的各种工程的施工中,大流量、高流速溶洞的堵漏处理是一大难题。文章介绍了溶洞精确探测技术、堵漏材料、施工工艺上的最新研究成果,并以贵州猫跳河四级窄巷口水电站水库渗漏、贵州三岔河引子渡水电站厂房基坑涌水的处理为实例,介绍了孔间CT精确探测、模袋灌浆等技术的成功应用经验。     

聚合物驱注入液黏度稳定剂研究进展

油田采出水中影响聚合物溶液黏度的主要因素有金属离子、还原性物质、细菌等,次要影响因素有pH值、溶解氧、含油量、悬浮固体、残余聚合物、残余化学剂等。针对以上影响因素,可通过投加适宜的化学剂来消除影响,从而控制聚合物溶液的黏度损失。根据作用机理,目前常用的黏度稳定剂可分为水质改性型和黏度稳定型两种,对造成黏度损失的主要因素可投加水质改性型药剂、对溶解氧等问题可投加黏度稳定型药剂来降低黏度损失。此外,不同单剂组合的复配可通过协同作用有效地提高药剂效果,复合型药剂的应用前景将更为广阔。     

文丘里洗涤器压力损失试验研究

使用空气-水系统,试验研究文丘里洗涤器操作参数(液气比、喉管气速)及喉管长度对其压力损失的影响.结果表明,喉管气速对压力损失的影响比液气比的大,压力损失随液气比增加呈线性增加,而随喉管气速的变化基本为平方关系.在此基础上,探讨了在文丘里洗涤器设计时如何根据捕集效率优化设计文丘里喉管长度.     

不同酸性气体及相对湿度对海盐氯损耗过程的影响

使用在广州南村站、深圳竹子林站及西涌站的MARGA仪器实测资料,分析了不同酸性气体及相对湿度对海盐氯损耗过程的影响.在分析深圳竹子林站、西涌站的海盐氯损耗中发现,竹子林站氯损耗平均为48.0％,西涌站海盐氯损耗平均为56.9％,氯损耗的峰值一般出现于下午14时.西涌站、竹子林站和广州南村站酸性气体和碱性气体均以HNO2、SO2、NH3为主,但各站点的比例分布不同,西涌站以HNO2最多(42％),SO2(32％)次之;竹子林站以NH3与SO2为主,百分比分别为36％和34％;广州南村站以SO2为主(58％),NH3次之(20％);而三站HNO3所占比例很小,均为7％.另外,分析了HCl的来源,主要关注了海盐粒子中的NaCl与HNO3反应、NH4Cl的挥发及H2SO4与NaCl的反应这3个来源,发现西涌站与竹子林站HCl和HNO3之间的线性关系较好(R2西涌=0.689,R2竹子林=0.594),说明西涌站与竹子林站的HCl主要来源于NaCl与HNO3反应过程中Cl被HNO3置换而成;而广州南村站二者线性关系较差(R2南村=0.295),说明还存在其他的损耗机制.在研究相对湿度对氯损耗的影响中发现,相对湿度低时氯损耗更容易发生.     

基于模糊聚类的地质灾害损失程度评价数学模型研究

分析了对不同时间段分区域进行地质灾害损失程度评价的必要性,同时认为损失程度的等级划分具有一定的模糊性,用模糊数学的相关原理和方法解决该问题符合实际情况。通过构建基于模糊聚类分析的地质灾害损失程度评价模型,选取最优的距离计算方法,用MATLAB语言编程模拟该数学化的描述,并检验模型的精准度,最后得出聚类结果,绘制了动态聚类图。分类结果显示,近9年全国地质灾害损失程度等级划分为严重、较严重和一般严重三个等级时,各聚类节点差异性满足常规分类要求,表明所构建模型用于地质灾害损失程度评价符合实际情况,模型有较强的实用性。     

Arsenic dynamics in the rhizosphere and its sequestration on rice roots as affected by root oxidation

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of root oxidation on arsenic （As） dynamics in the rhizosphere and As sequestration on rice roots. There were significant differences （P 〈 0.05） in pH values between rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils, with pH 5.68-6.16 in the rhizosphere and 6.30-6.37 in non-rhizosphere soils as well as differences in redox potentials （P 〈 0.05）. Percentage arsenite was lower （4%-16%） in rhizosphere soil solutions from rice genotypes with higher radial oxygen loss （ROL） compared with genotypes with lower ROL （P 〈 0.05）. Arsenic concentrations in iron plaque and rice straw were significantly negatively correlated （R = -0.60, P 〈 0.05）. Genotypes with higher ROL （TD71 and Yinjingmanzhau） had significantly （P 〈 0.001） lower total As in rice grains （1.35 and 0.96 mg/kg, respectively） compared with genotypes with lower ROL （IAPAR9, 1.68 mg/kg; Nanyangzhan 2.24 mg/kg） in the As treatment, as well as lower inorganic As （P 〈 0.05）. The present study showed that genotypes with higher ROL could oxidize more arsenite in rhizosphere soils, and induce more Fe plaque formation, which subsequently sequestered more As. This reduced As uptake in aboveground plant tissues and also reduced inorganic As accumulation in rice grains. The study has contributed to further understanding the mechanisms whereby ROL influences As uptake and accumulation in rice.     

Investigation of oil vapor emission and its evaluation methods

In oil operations such as storage, loading, and unloading, there are many chances for oil vapor to be emitted from tanks, tankers or truck tanks into the air. Oil vapor emission (OVE), having serious harmful effects on people and the environment, is always an important research topic for scientists, engineers or managers engaged in the fields of oil production and transportation, fire prevention, and environmental protection. As the second greatest oil consuming country in the world, China has particular interests in investigating ways to better methods to realize and then control the OVE. In this paper, three evaluation methods for the OVE are introduced and summed up. In particular, a set of self-founded OVE’s appraisement methods, which work by theoretical deduced equations integrated with both a software PELES-2.0 and a simple correction method, was systematically investigated. This appraisement system can conveniently and accurately be applied to evaluate the OVE, and further it can also provide base references and/or guides for the law makers, enterprise managers and equipment developers in controlling OVEs.     

同时硝化反硝化的试验研究

在培养和富集硝化菌的基础上，通过控制溶解氧浓度（0.5-1mg/L）观察到同时硝化反硝化现象的存在。进水氨氮投加浓度为50mg/L和100mg/L的2个试验组，总氮分别有58.4%和62.6%损失，作者还结合试验结果，对同时硝化反硝化过程的影响因素和可能机理进行了分析。     

大连市水土流失控制模拟研究

从控制大连市水土流失出发,结合大连市地表总体状况,根据水土流失通用方程,利用拉格朗日中值定理分析原理,模拟计算了土壤有机质含量、地面覆盖类型、地面覆盖率和水土流失控制距离等方面对水土流失造成的影响;分别计算了不同地表条件下控制水土流失的理论经济点和理论敏感点;定量分析了不同地表作用因子对控制水土流失的影响程度.模拟结果表明:对水土流失影响最大的地表作用因子是土壤有机质含量,其次依次为地面覆盖率、地面覆盖类型和水土流失控制距离;控制水土流失最基本的地表条件是,土壤有机质含量不得低于1.78%,地面覆盖率不得低于41%,地面不得裸露,最基本的植被覆盖类型是草地,水土流失控制距离不得低于3　603 m.依据模拟结果,提出了控制大连市水土流失的措施.      

突发水污染事故损失的界定原则

频繁的、突发性的水污染事故,不但对污染地区的工业、农业、服务业和人体健康等带来严重的不利影响,造成的经济损失也是巨大的.为更好地为突发性水污染事件的解决提供重要的信息基础和决策依据,必须对这些事件的生态经济损失进行价值化描述.本文在广泛研究国内外水污染案例基础上,分析了突发性水污染事故的特点,对突发性水污染事故的损失概念进行了界定,并总结了一套适用于水污染事故损失评估的原则.