Higher rate of nest loss among primary than secondary females: infanticide in the great reed warbler?

An individually marked population of great reed warblers Acrocephalus arundinaceus was studied between 1984 and 1991 in South Central Sweden. The fates of 279 nests were analysed for the 25 days following clutch initiation. The average frequency of nest loss (43%) did not differ significantly between years or between four periods of the breeding season. After a breeding failure, 70% of the females laid a replacement clutch, most of them together with the same male. On polygnous territories, males assisted the female who first hatched young regardless of her initial mating status (Fig. 2). According to the acutal status of the females attending the nests, for each day nests were classified as being of either monogamous (M), primary (P) or secondary (S) status. From egg-laying to fledging the rate of nest loss decreased among nests of primary status whereas it increased among nests of monogamous and secondary status. During the egg-laying period, the rate of nest loss was 3 times higher among nests of primary than among nests of monogamous and secondary status (Fig. 3). Thus, the high loss level among nests of primary status during the laying period was closely associated with the presence of a female with a less advanced nest on the territory. All nests were situated in reed beds above deep water and most of them at a height at which possible inter-specific nest predators would have caused disturbance to the nest itself. The suspicion that secondary females committed sexually selected infanticide was supported by an experiment with dummy eggs that revealed bill peck markings identical to those obtained from great reed warblers (Fig. 4).     

紫色土坡耕地硝酸盐淋失特征

利用具有壤中流测定功能的径流小区的定位观测结合土壤剖面硝酸盐累积的动态分析,研究了紫色土坡地硝酸盐淋失特征.结果表明,紫色土坡地硝酸盐呈旱季累积,雨季淋失的特点,而壤中流是紫色土硝酸盐淋失的主要通道.紫色土为土层浅、土壤下伏透水性极弱的紫色泥页岩,同时夏季降雨丰富,壤中流极为发育,2003～2005年壤中流平均流量为169.7mm,占雨季径流量的52.42%,其中,NO3--N含量持续偏高,2003～2005年平均含量高达14.92mg·L-1.3年平均随壤中流淋失的硝态氮达27.98 kg·hm-2,占年施肥量的10.0%,硝酸盐淋失具有季节与年际间差异,淋失负荷主要受壤中流流量影响.紫色土坡地硝酸盐随壤中流大量淋失不仅造成当地浅层地下水硝酸盐污染,而且将加剧长江三峡库区水环境压力.     

饮用水生物处理小试工艺中NH＋４-N的非硝化去除途径分析

通过计算N和DO的质量平衡,研究饮用水生物处理小试工艺中是否存在NH4 -N的非硝化去除途径,并探讨其可能机制.结果表明,当生物流化床和生物滤池进水NH4 -N浓度大于2 mg/L时,前者进水的NH4 -N、NO2--N和NO3--N之和比出水高出0.91 mg/L,后者理论上消耗的DO比实际多约2.90 mg/L,说明这2种工艺中均有氮亏损现象发生,一部分NH4 -N通过与DO无关的非硝化作用被去除.对非硝化去除途径的分析表明,因为反应器对磷元素和有机物的利用不随氮亏损发生变化,可以排除掉同化作用和反硝化作用;因为反应器进水低碳高氮的特性NO2--N的积累与发生氮亏损的废水生物处理系统相似,据此提出在生物膜缺氧内部发生、通过短程硝化和厌氧氨氧化的偶联(或OLAND反应)将NH4 -N和NO2--N同时转变为N2脱除的自养脱氮是饮用水生物处理中氮亏损的可能途径.     

四川德昌县虎皮弯沟泥石流及灾害损失评估

论述了四川德昌县虎皮弯沟泥石流形成环境、触发条件和泥石流特征.分析了泥石流危险度,着重评估了"8.24"泥石流灾害损失并提出了相应的防治建议.     

Performance evaluation of microbial fuel cell for landfill leachate treatment: Research updates and synergistic effects of hybrid systems

Over half of century, sanitary landfill was and is still the most economical treatment strategy for solid waste disposal, but the environmental risks associated with the leachate have brought attention of scientists for its proper treatment to avoid surface and ground water deterioration. Most of the treatment technologies are energy-negative and cost intensive processes, which are unable to meet current environmental regulations. There are continuous demands of alternatives concomitant with positive energy and high effluent quality. Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) were launched in the last two decades as a potential treatment technology with bioelectricity generation accompanied with simultaneous carbon and nutrient removal. This study reviews capability and mechanisms of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorous removal from landfill leachate through MFC technology, as well as summarizes and discusses the recent advances of standalone and hybrid MFCs performances in landfill leachate (LFL) treatment. Recent improvements and synergetic effect of hybrid MFC technology upon the increasing of power densities, organic and nutrient removal, and future challenges were discussed in details.     

滇池宝象河流域氮磷流失空间格局解析

有效控制氮磷流失量是水质持续改善的关键因素,定量解析流域氮磷流失量对于氮磷污染精准控制至关重要.宝象河作为滇池流域最主要的入湖河流之一,对滇池水质的影响极为重要.该研究基于第二次全国污染源普查数据,建立了宝象河流域高分辨率的氮磷排放清单,通过构建宝象河LODEST模型估算流域氮磷非点源污染入河系数,并对宝象河流域的氮磷流失量及其空间格局进行解析.结果表明:①2018年宝象河流域TN和TP的排放量分别为1 456.92、191.16 t,流域内种植业非点源是最大的污染源,其次是城镇生活点源和未收集点源.②2018年宝象河干海子断面TN和TP的径流通量分别为270.49和11.19 t,非点源入河系数分别为0.297和0.048.③2018年宝象河流域TN和TP流失量分别为432.28和18.57 t,氮磷流失空间格局呈显著的空间异质性,流域内TN和TP流失强度总体呈外高内低的分布,农业污染为主的子流域氮磷流失最为严重.该研究提出的氮磷流失量估算方法较好地揭示了流域氮磷流失空间分布规律,论证了降雨和地形的不均匀性是造成流域氮磷流失量呈显著空间异质性的重要因素.研究成果可为滇池流域入湖污染负荷控制与削减工程提供重要的科学依据,同时能够为宝象河流域水环境的精准控污和精细管理提供有效的决策支撑.      

中国水稻收获环节的损失有多高?——基于5省6地的实验调查

受资源禀赋的约束,减少粮食产后损失日益成为增加粮食供给、保障粮食安全的重要措施之一。论文采取实地测量的方法,在全国5省6地开展田间实验和调查访谈,考察了水稻收获环节的损失情况。结果显示：各实验地块水稻收获环节的损失率为1.18%~6.55%。其中,水稻联合收获的损失率显著高于分段收获,先进机型收获的损失率低于普通机型,田地湿度、倒伏程度与水稻收获环节的损失率正相关。结合水稻优势区域的分布推算,全国水稻收获环节的损失率为3.02%。减损的情景模拟表明,当全国水稻收获环节的损失率下降到2.76%（根据农业部《水稻机械化生产技术指导意见》测算）,可节约稻谷54万t,可供439万人消费1 a,相当于节约耕地7.84万hm²,化肥2.61万t（折纯）。     

基于地理探测器的流域土壤磷流失影响因素分析

基于修正的通用土壤流失方程(RUSLE)和地理探测器,定量分析了甘肃白龙江流域土壤磷流失的空间分异及其影响因素.结果表明:①2014年流域平均土壤磷流失量为0.214 t·km~(-2)·a~(-1),流失总量为3945.38 t·a~(-1);②磷流失空间分布较为破碎,热点区集中于迭部北部和舟曲东北部等高山区及舟曲、文县和武都三区县交界的低山河谷区,冷点区集聚于宕昌北部耕作区和文县南部森林保护区;③流域磷流失的空间分异主要受土地利用和地形的影响,农牧业生产也发挥了一定作用,磷流失整体表现为随海拔和坡度的抬升而增加,草地林地耕地;④流域及其内部冷热区影响因素差异较大,这是由各区地理环境协同差异所致,最大交互因子分别为土壤类型∩景观破碎度、土壤类型∩植被覆盖度、降水∩第一产业从业人口比重.在流域磷流失治理中,应合理安排农牧业生产,在提高植被覆盖度的同时降低景观破碎度.     

根际养分活化与吸收过程的定量模拟研究进展

在论述植物根系作为养分的主动吸收槽．对根际养分生物有效性产生重要作用的前提下，本文扼要讨论了根际pH值变化、根分泌螯合物与还原性物及根际微生物在根际土壤养分活化中的作用过程，并重点评述了有关养分活化与吸收模拟模型的研究进展与发展趋势．     

Integrating wetlands and riparian zones in river basin modelling

Wetlands, and in particular riparian wetlands, represent an interface between the catchment area and the aquatic environment. They control the exchange of water and related chemical fluxes from the upper catchment area to surface waters like streams and lakes. Their influence on water and nutrient balances has been investigated mainly at the patch scale. In this study an attempt was made (a) to integrate riparian zones and wetlands into eco-hydrological river basin modelling, and (b) to quantify the impacts of riparian wetland processes on water and nutrient fluxes in a meso-scale catchment located in the northeastern German lowland. The investigation was performed by analysing hydro-chemical field data and applying the eco-hydrological model SWIM (Soil and Water Integrated Model), which was extended to reproduce the relevant water and nutrient flows and retention processes at the catchment scale in general, and in riparian zones and wetlands in particular. The main extensions introduced in the model were: (1) implementation of daily groundwater table dynamics at the hydrotope level, (2) implementation of water and nutrient uptake by plants from groundwater in riparian zones and wetlands, and (3) assessment of nutrient retention in groundwater and interflow. The simulation results indicate that wetlands, though they represent relatively small parts of the total catchment area, may have a significant impact on the overall water and nutrient balances of the catchment. The uncertainty of the simulation results is considerably high, with the main sources of uncertainty being the model parameters representing the geo-hydrology and the input data for land use management.