Signal Recognition and Hearing Protectors With Normal and Impaired Hearing

Recognition of acoustic signals when perception is subject to interference from noise has already been extensively studied. In this study the influence of hearing protectors (HP) (plugs, muffs) and hearing loss on signal recognition is examined. Different spectrums and levels of the noise are also included. The test results are shown as the masked threshold for the signals heard and identified. In the case of normally hearing subjects a frequency-independent HP (plug) improves hearing performance, while frequency-dependent HP (muffs) tends to worsen it, especially with low-frequency noise. Hearing losses even worsen hearing performance when plugs are worn. Design suggestions are made to optimise signal recognition. Minimum signal-to-noise ratio and the use of HP are discussed.     

二元驱污水配聚黏损影响因素分析及控制方法

含油污水中活泼金属离子会对聚合物产生不同程度的降解,导致注入液的黏度损失较大。室内试验表明:水中二价铁、二价硫及硫化亚铁在溶解氧存在的情况下,均会大幅降低聚合物溶液的黏度,0.5mg/L的二价铁或二价硫、1mg/L的硫化亚铁,黏度损失在15%左右。溶解氧为5.17mg/L时,加入9mg/L的二价铁,聚合物溶液的黏度仅为5.48mPa.s,黏度损失超过95%。为减少上述因素对聚合物黏度的影响,利用陈化法、曝气法及化学氧化法等方法均能有效降低含油污水配聚过程中的黏度损失率。     

Unintended nutrient imbalance induced by wastewater effluent inputs to receiving water and its ecological consequences

Eutrophication is the most widespread water quality issue globally. To date, most efforts to control eutrophication have focused on reductions of external nutrient inputs, yet importance of nutrient stoichiometry and subsequent shift in plankton composition in aquatic ecosystem has been largely neglected. To address eutrophication, improved sanitation is one of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, spurring the constructions of wastewater treatment facilities that have improved water quality in many lakes and rivers. However, control measures are often targeted at and effective in removing a single nutrient from sewage and thus are less effective in removing the others, resulting in the changes of nutrient stoichiometry. In general, more effective phosphorus removal relative to nitrogen has occurred in wastewater treatment leading to substantial increases in N/P ratios in effluent relative to the influent. Unfortunately, high N/P ratios in receiving waters can impose negative influences on ecosystems. Thus, long-term strategies for domestic wastewater management should not merely focus on the total reduction of nutrient discharge but also consider their stoichiometric balances in receiving waters.     

基于博弈论的地铁车站恐怖袭击风险定量研究

近年来发生的几起地铁重大恐怖袭击事件引起了各国政府、媒体和公众的广泛关注.地铁车站恐怖袭击可以看作博弈双方即袭击者和防御者之间的零和博弈.本文以某地铁线路上的22个车站为例,应用目标损失概率模型定量分析了恐怖袭击风险,通过防御资源变化得到了不同的目标损失概率.研究结果可以为地铁车站防御资源优化配置、防恐反恐预案编制等提供量化依据.     

Competing conservation goals, biodiversity or ecosystem services: element losses and species recruitment in a managed moorland-bracken model system

Conservation management in Europe is often geared towards restoring semi-natural ecosystems, where the objective is to reverse succession and re-establish early-successional communities, to comply with national and international conservation targets. At the same time, it is increasingly recognised that ecosystems provide services that contribute to other, possibly conflicting policy requirements. Few attempts have been made to define these conflicts. Here, we assess some potential conflicts using a Calluna vulgaris-dominated moorland invaded by bracken (Pteridium aquilinum) as a model system, where the current policy is to reverse this process and restore moorland. We examined impacts of bracken control treatments on services (stocks and losses of C and mineral nutrients), litter turnover and biodiversity within a designed experiment over 7 years. Bracken litter was >2000 g m(-2) in untreated plots, and treatments reduced this quantity, and its element content, to varying degrees. Cutting twice per year was the most successful treatment in reducing bracken litter and its element content, increasing litter turnover, and increasing both mass and diversity of non-bracken vegetation. Diversity was greatest where bracken litter had been reduced, but species composition was also influenced by light sheep grazing. There was a significant loss of some chemical elements from bracken that could not be accounted for in other pools, and hence potentially lost from the system. In absolute terms large amounts of C and N were lost, but when expressed as a percentage of the total amount in the system, Mg was potentially more important with losses of almost a third of the Mg in the surface soil-vegetation system. There is, therefore, a potential dilemma between controlling a mid-successional invasive species for conservation policy objectives, especially when that species has evolved to sequester nutrients, and the negative effect of increasing environmental costs in terms of carbon accounting required, the potential input of nutrients to aquatic systems, and long-term nutrient loss. There is, therefore, a need to balance conservation goals against potential damage to biogeochemical structure and function.     

Mineralization of particulate organic matter derived from coral-reef organisms in reef sediments of the Gulf of Aqaba

In situ and laboratory incubation experiments in a fringing reef in the Gulf of Aqaba were performed to study degradation rates of particulate organic matter in reef sediments. Coral mucus, clam eggs, and zooxanthellae were used as model particulate organic compounds for these experiments. Aerobic and anaerobic mineralization rates were calculated by dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and O₂ fluxes from the sediments under different particulate organic matter additions. Fast enhancement (approximately twofold) of O₂ and DIC fluxes were found with the addition of coral mucus and clam eggs compared with control incubations without addition. Most of the degradation is believed to have occurred anaerobically rather than aerobically (DIC:O₂ ratios were 4.3-28.1). Higher degradation rates of coral mucus and clam eggs were estimated in carbonate sediment than in silicate sediment (1.2-1.6-fold), which was attributed to the different physical and chemical properties of both sediments. Our study shows the significance of the reef sediment as a suitable site for microbial degradation of particulate organic material excreted from different reef community organisms. This may increase the regeneration of nutrients in the reef environment necessary to sustain high biological productivity.     

氨氮在饮用水生物滤池内的去除机制

为探讨饮用水生物滤池对NH4+-N的去除机制,测定生物滤池进出水中NH4+-N、NO2--N、NO3--N、高锰酸盐指数、总磷、单质氮(N2)、温度和溶解氧(dissolved oxygen,DO)等指标,并采集生物滤池不同层高(0、10、20、40、60 cm)活性炭生物填料,应用分子生物学技术,对样品中的细菌种群进行研究.结果表明,根据进水NH4+-N浓度分为3个阶段,第一、二和三阶段都发生了"氮亏损"现象(出水无机氮之和小于进水无机氮之和),氮亏损的量(出水无机氮之和与进水无机氮之和的差值)分别为0.94、0.32和0.15 mg.L-1.氮亏损的量与进水中NH4+-N浓度有很好的正相关性,但与进水中高锰酸盐指数浓度没有线性关系.第一阶段水中N2的平均浓度随着生物滤池填料层高呈上升趋势,进水中N2平均浓度是14.04 mg.L-1,出水N2平均浓度为14.67 mg.L-1.测序结果显示活性炭上生物膜中氨氧化细菌(ammonia-oxidizing bacteria,AOB)全部归为3个常见属:Nitrosococcus、Nitrosomonas和Nitrosospira.当生物滤池进水NH4+-N浓度较高时,生物滤池中发生的"氮亏损"现象是由AOB的作用.     

Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment in cold climate — A review

Constructed wetlands (CWs) have been successfully used for treating various wastewaters for decades and have been identified as a sustainable wastewater management option worldwide. However, the application of CW for wastewater treatment in frigid climate presents special challenges. Wetland treatment of wastewater relies largely on biological processes, and reliable treatment is often a function of climate conditions. To date, the rate of adoption of wetland technology for wastewater treatment in cold regions has been slow and there are relatively few published reports on CW applications in cold climate. This paper therefore highlights the practice and applications of treatment wetlands in cold climate. A comprehensive review of the effectiveness of contaminant removal in different wetland systems including: (1) free water surface (FWS) CWs; (2) subsurface flow (SSF) CWs;and (3) hybrid wetland systems, is presented. The emphasis of this review is also placed on the influence of cold weather conditions on the removal efficacies of different contami-nants. The strategies of wetland design and operation for performance intensification, such as the presence of plant, operational mode, effluent recirculation, artificial aeration and in-series design, which are crucial to achieve the sustainable treatment performance in cold climate, are also discussed. This study is conducive to further research for the understanding of CW design and treatment performance in cold climate.     

30CrMnSiA高强钢在工业和海洋大气环境中的腐蚀行为研究

目的为30CrMnSiA高强钢的大气腐蚀防护设计、应用范围扩展和开发新钢种提供有益的借鉴和参考。方法采用腐蚀质量损失、XRD和SEM研究了30CrMnSiA高强钢在工业和海洋大气环境暴露60个月的大气腐蚀行为。结果 30CrMnSiA高强钢在工业和海洋大气环境中腐蚀质量损失随暴露时间变化的双对数函数分别是lgΔw=2.245+0.387lg t和lgΔw=2.822+0.637lg t。纤铁矿和针铁矿是两种大气环境中形成的腐蚀锈层的主要成分,除了纤铁矿和针铁矿外,在海洋大气环境形成的锈层中还发现了四方纤铁矿。随着暴露时间的延长,在海洋大气环境中形成的锈层呈现逐渐剥落的趋势。结论 30CrMnSiA高强钢在海洋大气环境中表现出较高的腐蚀敏感性,在工业大气环境中表现出较低的腐蚀敏感性。