Passive aeration composting of chicken litter: Effects of aeration pipe orientation and perforation size on losses of compost elements

A passive aeration composting study was undertaken to investigate the effects of aeration pipe orientation (PO) and perforation size (PS) on some physico-chemical properties of chicken litter (chicken manure + sawdust) during composting. The experimental set up was a two-factor completely randomised block design with two pipe orientations: horizontal (Ho) and vertical (Ve), and three perforation sizes: 15, 25 and 35 mm diameter. The properties monitored during composting were pile temperature, moisture content (MC), pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total carbon (C_T), total nitrogen (N_T) and total phosphorus (P_T). Moisture level in the piles was periodically replenished to 60% for efficient microbial activities. The results of the study showed that optimum composting conditions (thermophilic temperatures and sanitation requirements) were attained in all the piles. During composting, both PO and PS significantly affected pile temperature, moisture level, pH, C_T loss and P_T gain. EC was only affected by PO while N_T was affected by PS. Neither PO nor PS had a significant effect on the C:N ratio. A vertical pipe was effective for uniform air distribution, hence, uniform composting rate within the composting pile. The final values showed that PO of Ve and PS of 35 mm diameter resulted in the least loss in N_T. The PO of Ho was as effective as Ve in the conservation of C_T and P_T. Similarly, the three PSs were equally effective in the conservation of C_T and P_T. In conclusion, the combined effects of PO and PS showed that treatments Ve35 and Ve15 were the most effective in minimizing N_T loss.     

危险化学品事故损失计算研究

基于事故损失基本方法和研究成果,探讨构建适合中国国情的危险化学品事故损失计算的二维要素体系。通过将事故损失划分为2个维度,一维是按照不同的损失承担者,即政府、企业、个人划分;另一维是按照损失的经济特征,即直接经济损失、间接经济损失和无形损失划分,提出事故损失计算二维要素体系,并选择适合危险化学品事故各计算要素的相应计算方法,最后通过案例加以验证。结果表明:危险化学品事故损失大部分由国家承担,且无形经济损失大于有形经济损失。     

Measuring and decomposing changes in agricultural productivity, nitrogen use efficiency and cumulative exergy efficiency: Application to OECD agriculture

This paper uses an aggregate quantity space to decompose the temporal changes in nitrogen use efficiency and cumulative exergy use efficiency into changes of Moorsteen-Bjurek (MB) Total Factor Productivity (TFP) changes and changes in the aggregate nitrogen and cumulative exergy contents. Changes in productivity can be broken into technical change and changes in various efficiency measures such as technical efficiency, scale efficiency and residual mix efficiency. Changes in the aggregate nitrogen and cumulative exergy contents can be driven by changes in the quality of inputs and outputs and changes in the mixes of inputs and outputs. Also with cumulative exergy content analysis, changes in the efficiency in input production can increase or decrease the cumulative exergy transformity of agricultural production. The empirical study in 30 member countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation Development from 1990 to 2003 yielded some important findings. The production technology progressed but there were reductions in technical efficiency, scale efficiency and residual mix efficiency levels. This result suggests that the production frontier had shifted up but there existed lags in the responses of member countries to the technological change. Given TFP growth, improvements in nutrient use efficiency and cumulative exergy use efficiency were counteracted by reductions in the changes of the aggregate nitrogen contents ratio and aggregate cumulative exergy contents ratio. The empirical results also confirmed that different combinations of inputs and outputs as well as the quality of inputs and outputs could have more influence on the growth of nutrient and cumulative exergy use efficiency than factors that had driven productivity change.     

A numerical model of wave- and current-driven nutrient uptake by coral reef communities

We developed a numerical model capable of simulating the spatial zonation of nutrient uptake in coral reef systems driven by hydrodynamic forcing (both from waves and currents). Relationships between nutrient uptake and bed stress derived from flume and field studies were added to a four-component biogeochemical model embedded within a three-dimensional (3-D) hydrodynamic ocean model coupled to a numerical wave model. The performance of the resulting coupled physical-biogeochemical model was first evaluated in an idealized one-dimensional (1-D) channel for both a pure current and a combined wave-current flow. Waves in the channel were represented by an oscillatory flow with constant amplitude and frequency. The simulated nutrient concentrations were in good agreement with the analytical solution for nutrient depletion along a uniform channel, as well as with existing observations of phosphate uptake across a real reef flat. We then applied this integrated model to investigate more complex two-dimensional (2-D) nutrient dynamics, firstly to an idealized coral reef-lagoon morphology, and secondly to a realistic section of Ningaloo Reef in Western Australia, where nutrients were advected into the domain via alongshore coastal currents. Both the idealized reef and Ningaloo Reef simulations showed similar patterns of maximum uptake rates on the shallow forereef and reef crest, and with nutrient concentration decreasing as water flowed over the reef flat. As a result of the cumulative outflow of nutrient-depleted water exiting the reef channels and then being advected down the coast by alongshore currents, both reef simulations exhibited substantial alongshore variation in nutrient concentrations. The coupled models successfully reproduced the observed spatial-variability in nitrate concentration across the Ningaloo Reef system.     

华南湿润区坡地氮素流失规律比较试验研究

通过两个径流场的对比试验,研究了华南湿润地区针叶林坡面氮素随降雨径流的流失规律,结果表明,氮素流失量均与坡面径流量和降雨强度具有极显著的线性相关关系,在没有施肥的情况下,氮流失形态以氨氮、硝氮为主,总氮产出浓度随降雨径流的增大,逐步下降,最后趋于稳定。在施放尿素的情况下,氮素随径流的流失形态以氨氮、硝氮和溶解态的尿素为主,总氮的产出浓度呈先升高而后随降雨径流的增大逐渐减少最后趋于稳定的特性。     

Cd2+胁迫下不同浓度N、P对江蓠体内谷胱甘肽的影响

以大型海藻细基江篱繁枝变型(Gracilaria tunuistipitata Var)为实验材料,研究了Cd2+胁迫下,不同N、P条件对江蓠体内谷胱甘肽(GSH)及其衍生物含量的影响.结果表明,Cd2+胁迫条件下,不加入N、P时,藻体内的GSH及其各类衍生物含量均较低,易受金属离子侵入毒害藻体;加入适量的N、P(56...     

近30年我国自然灾害灾情时间分布特征分析

利用民政部统计核定的1978-2009年全国年度灾情数据,以及国家统计局发布的社会经济统计数据,从灾情指标的绝对量、相对量及其变异系数入手,分析了我国自然灾害的年际、年代际趋势变化和波动变化特征。结果表明:近30年来,我国自然灾害灾情年际和年代际变化趋势明显。总体上,死亡人口下降趋势明显,人口受灾情况、农作物受灾情况和直接经济损失上升趋势明显,但相对直接经济损失下降趋势明显,房屋倒塌比例也有所下降;1990年代,灾害造成的各项损失较之1980年代增大趋势明显。我国自然灾害的影响范围趋于相对稳定,而灾害强度波动性较大,且有增大趋势。灾情的趋势和波动变化特征,反映了全球气候变化下极端事件更加频发,强度有所增加的趋势。灾情指标的大小与年度主要灾害类型以及重灾年份有关。     

渤海西岸盐业气象灾害灾损评估方法研究

针对渤海西岸盐业生产中所遭受的暴雨、突发性的雷阵雨、大风(短时)、风暴潮、低温等气象灾害,阐述了其灾损评估的理论依据,全面分析了影响原盐生产的主要气象灾害的各种因素,选取了其合适的气象灾害指标,并进行分级,确定了灾害的评估方法,并建立了灾损评估模型,通过检验,说明其效果良好。     

几种修复措施对Cd淋失及土壤剖面运移影响

采集典型Cd超标稻田土壤开展室外盆栽实验,选取石灰、生物炭、苎麻、苎麻+有机酸EDTA添加强化富集植物等当前具有大田推广潜力的重金属超标土壤修复措施为研究对象,分析降雨、土壤双重酸性环境不同修复措施下土壤剖面有效态Cd含量变化及其径流流失特征.结果表明,生物炭(2%质量分数添加量)相比其他处理可显著提高土壤p H,苎麻添加EDTA则明显降低了土壤p H.同次降雨事件中,苎麻处理所产生的径流水样中水溶态Cd质量浓度显著高于水稻降雨排水,水稻生物炭添加处理径流水Cd质量浓度明显低于石灰添加及其他各处理,苎麻添加EDTA后径流水Cd质量浓度比苎麻显著升高,石灰处理(0.3%质量分数添加量)对土壤p H、径流水Cd质量浓度影响不明显.实验周期内,径流水Cd的质量浓度呈现春季高于夏季的特征.生物炭添加可显著降低0~20 cm土层有效态Cd含量且具一定持续效应,EDTA添加则显著提高了0~20cm土层有效态Cd的含量,而添加一段时间后含量则明显降低,但20~40 cm土层有效态Cd含量则略高于其他处理,具有一定的次表层土壤Cd活化效应.综上,生物炭等碱性固化材料添加修复措施可降低Cd污染土壤对地表受纳水体、土壤剖面下移的污染风险,而有机酸强化植物修复技术对地表水、深层土壤Cd污染风险较大,因此有机酸强化植物修复措施在大田推广时应充分考虑重金属的二次污染风险.     

高炉煤气高效曲板脱水装置的试验研究

提出了一种降低机械水含量的新型脱水装置,针对曲板脱水装置内两相流动复杂的问题,在改变结构和运行参数的情况下对曲板脱水装置的性能进行了试验研究,探讨了各影响因素对脱水效率和压力损失的影响。试验结果表明:曲板脱水装置的最佳气流速度为1.75～2.25 m/s,曲板间距为5～7.5 mm,斜板长度为200～250 mm,液气比为0.2～0.25 L/m3,水雾粒径为100～500μm时,可以获得最高脱水效率和最小压力损失。