Kinetic and thermodynamic studies on partitioning of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) between aqueous solution and modeled individual soil particle grain sizes

The significance of soil mineral properties and secondary environmental conditions such as pH, temperature, ionic strength and time in the partitioning of eight selected polychlorinated biphenyl(PCB) congeners between aqueous solution and soil particles with different grain sizes was studied. The mineral properties of a model soil sample were determined, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller(BET) adsorption–desorption isotherms were employed to observe the surface characteristics of the individual modeled soil particles.Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to determine the sorption of PCBs onto soil particles of different sizes. The results revealed that the sorption of PCB congeners onto the soil was dependent on the amount of soil organic matter, surface area, and pore size distribution of the various individual soil particles. Low pH favored the sorption of PCBs,with maximum sorption occurring between pH 6.5 and 7.5 with an equilibration period of 8 hr.Changes in the ionic strength were found to be less significant. Low temperature favored the sorption of PCBs onto the soil compared to high temperatures. Thermodynamic studies showed that the partition coefficient(K_d) decreased with increasing temperature, and negative and low values of ΔH° indicated an exothermic physisorption process. The data generated is critical and will help in further understanding remediation and cleanup strategies for polluted water.     

Occurrence and congeners specific of poiychlorinated biphenyls in agricultural soils from Southern Jiangsu, China

A total of 198 agricultural soil samples were collected from Zhangjiagang and Changshu in Southern Jiangsu for analysis of 13 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in order to assess the levels of pollution, sources, area distribution, and potential risk for the environment. All methods were rigorously tested and an adequate quality control was ensured. Only one site had no PCBs residues, and the highest total PCBs concentration in the surface soils was 32.83 ng/g. The average concentration in all the soil samples was 4.13 ng/g, signaling low-level pollution. Tetra-, penta-, and hexa-chlorinated biphenyls were dominant species in soil samples, accounting for more than 75% ofΣPCBs in the soil samples. PCB118 was the most abundant congener in all the samples. The PCB118 was about 20% ofΣPCBs. The soil organic matter content showed only a weak correlation with the levels of all PCB congeners, in which a better correlation was noted for the more volatile lighter PCB congeners than for the heavier homologues. To a certain extent, the sources and land use seemed to influence the levels of PCBs.     

水和废水中多氯联苯(PCBs)的测定方法及进展

本文引用了七十余篇近几年国内外的有关著文,对水和废水中的多氯联苯(PCBs)的测定方法进行了评述,全面系统地介绍了水样的采集、富集、净化和分析测定等操作程序,着重于样品的前处理和气相色谱分析,并提出了这一领域今后的发展趋势。     

One century record of contamination by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls in core sediments from the southern Yellow Sea

Sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and 28 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured at a 2-cm interval in a core sample from the middle of the southern Yellow Sea for elucidating their historical variations in inflow and sources. The chronology was obtained using the 210Pb method. PAHs concentrations decreased generally with depth and two climax values occurred in 14–16 cm and 20–22 cm layers, demonstrating that the production and usage of PAHs might reach peaks in the periods of 1956–1962...     

天津永定新河沉积物中多卤联苯的污染水平和生物有效性

通过测定天津市永定新河沉积物和同步采集的溞体内多氯联苯（PCBs）和多溴联苯（PBBs）含量,初步评价此类持久性有机污染物的潜在生态风险.结果显示,经归一化处理后,在永定新河沉积物中主要检出的18种PCBs和14种PBBs总含量分别为492.4~3251.9ng·g-1和429.7~2950.0ng·g-1（以有机碳计）,而在溞体内PCBs和PBBs的总含量分别是301.8~1765.4ng·g-1和309.7~1987.8ng·g-1（以脂肪计）.计算得到的PCBs和PBBs沉积物生物富集系数（BSAF）分别在0.1~1.3和0.1~3.0之间,明显小于根据平衡分配模型的预测值和其他文献报道值.同时, BSAF数值与相应污染物的辛醇/水分配系数的对数(logKow)值之间无相关关系（p>0.08）,且在不同采样点间的变异系数相差较大（20%~90%）.研究结果还表明,与国内外已经发表数据相比,永定新河沉积物中PCBs和PBBs均处在较高污染水平,但是绝大部分目标污染物的BSAF数值偏低,沉积物结合态污染物的生物有效性相对较低,且在不同采样点间存在着较大差异.     

养殖鳜鱼体内典型有机氯化合物的检测与人体健康风险评估初探

利用GC-ECD检测了江苏省吴江市某养殖塘内的一批鳜鱼体内有机氯农药（OCPs）和多氯联苯（PCBs）等典型有机氯化合物（OCs）的含量水平,并对其人体健康风险进行了初步评估.结果表明,养殖鳜鱼体内滴滴涕（DDTs）、六六六（HCHs）、六氯苯（HCB）和PCBs的含量范围分别为1.3～4.57、0.13～1.24、0...     

RESEARCH: Comparison of Temporal Trends in Ambient and Compliance Trace Element and PCB Data in Pool 2 of the Mississippi River, USA, 1985–1995

6+ ), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), selenium (Se), zinc (Zn), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Water-column, bed-sediment, and fish-tissue (fillets) data collected by five government agencies comprised the ambient data set; effluent data from five registered facilities comprised the compliance data set. The nonparametric Mann-Kendall trend test indicated that 33% of temporal trends in all data were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Possible reasons for this were low sample sizes, and a high percentage of samples below the analytical detection limit. Trends in compliance data were more distinct; most trace elements decreased significantly, probably due to improvements in wastewater treatment. Seven trace elements (Cr, Cd, Cu, Pb, Hg, Ni, and Zn) had statistically significant decreases in wastewater and portions of either or both ambient water and bed sediment. No trends were found in fish tissue. Inconsistency in trends between ambient and compliance data were often found for individual constituents, making overall similarity between the data sets difficult to determine. Logistical differences in monitoring programs, such as varying field and laboratory methods among agencies, made it difficult to assess ambient temporal trends.     

中国部分水域沉积物中多氯联苯污染物的空间分布、污染评价及影响因素分析

对中国水域沉积物中多氯联苯污染的空间分布、污染程度、污染来源及影响因素进行了研究,并对沉积物中多氯联苯的污染进行了初步的风险评价.结果表明,部分地区多氯联苯污染较严重,东北的松花江、大连湾、河北保定地区、中部的鸭儿湖、南部的珠江流域和台湾地区沉积物中有较高的多氯联苯平均浓度,其余地区沉积物中多氯联苯的污染水平相对较低.多氯联苯污染较严重的地区多为一些港口、工农业发达的区域、发生过泄漏的多氯联苯退役设备封存点和多氯联苯设备非法拆卸的地区,污染特征表现为点源污染的形式.对珠江三角洲地区的研究表明,多氯联苯污染的空间分布与当地水文地质地貌条件、社会经济发展水平、历史及管理等因素相关.水流交换畅通、水体流量大、沉积物含沙质较多、适当的管理等会减轻多氯联苯污染;人口密集、工业发达、有历史或当前排污、航运繁忙等会导致多氯联苯污染加重.     

多氯联苯对我国土壤微生物的生态毒理效应

作为持久性有机污染物(POPs),多氯联苯(PCBs)一旦进入土壤将长期存留并对土栖生物产生潜在危害。土壤微生物是土壤生态系统重要组成部分,研究外源PCBs对土壤微生物的生态毒理效应,筛选出指示PCBs污染的敏感指标并获取可靠的生态毒理数据十分重要。研究以江西红壤和天津潮土为供试土壤,在室内25℃连续培养28 d的条件下进行了生态毒理实验,选择了微生物量碳、呼吸强度、代谢熵、硝化作用、脱氢酶活性、脲酶活性和微生物群落功能多样性为微生物指标。结果显示:1)在28 d培养时间内,多氯联苯(PCBs)的毒性作用随培养时间的延长而增强,且在红壤中的毒性作用强于在潮土中,表明PCBs对土壤微生物的毒性作用存在时间效应并受土壤性质的影响。2)各微生物指标的敏感性不同,微生物量碳、脲酶活性和微生物功能多样性对PCBs污染反应不够敏感,而土壤呼吸强度、代谢熵、硝化作用和脱氢酶活性对PCBs污染反应敏感。3)14 d时,红壤中PCBs对脱氢酶活性、呼吸强度和代谢熵的EC10值分别为1.20、3.18和1.09 mg·kg-1,而在潮土中分别为6.31、4.73和50 mg·kg-1;28 d时,红壤中PCBs对硝化作用、脱氢酶活性、呼吸强度和代谢熵的EC10值分别为2.32、0.77、0.51和0.71mg·kg-1,而在潮土中分别为5.91、1.65、3.00和50 mg·kg-1。综合考虑经济和实际需要等因素,建议将呼吸强度、硝化作用和脱氢酶活性作为PCBs污染土壤生态毒理评价中的首选敏感指标,并建议培养时间设置为28 d。     

土壤中多氯联苯的综合污染指数评价方法研究

借鉴综合污染指数的概念,引入加拿大环境理事会制订的土壤中多氯联苯(PCBs)标准指标.建立了PCBs污染的毒害性分污染指数(TPI)、持久性分污染指数(PPI)和生物累积性分污染指数(BPI)加权计算的综合污染指数(IPI)评价方法以及各污染指数的相关表达式,确定了土壤环境中PCBs的毒害性转换系数(Ti)、持久性转换系数(Pi)和生物累积性转换系数(Bi).利用建立的土壤中PCBs的综合污染指数评价方法定量评价了现代黄河三角洲地区土壤中的PCBs污染现状,22个采样点的PCBs污染的IPI值在1.1-531.7之间,整个现代黄河三角洲地区的PCBs污染现状属轻度污染.该评价体系综合地考虑了PCB8同系物间的环境行为差异,较现有的PCBs总量评价方法更科学合理,在持久有机污染物(POPs)的污染评价方面具有推广价值.