紫外光照射与生物降解耦合用于PCBs降解的研究

介绍了PCBs紫外光降解的机理及研究进展 ,讨论了影响PCBs光降解的主要因素 ,即环上的氯原子数目、取代位置及所处的微环境均显著地影响PCBs的光降解速率。简述了PCBs生物降解的研究进展 ,重点概述了好氧降解、厌氧降解及好氧厌氧协同作用的机理及特点。最后 ,讨论了PCBs生物降解和光降解的互补性 ,介绍了最近的研究进展 ,指出光降解和生物降解耦合将加快PCBs的移走速率 ,提出了PCBs污染土壤原位修复需要进一步解决的问题。     

Temporal distribution and fractionation of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in a contaminated Wisconsin lake

The most thorough field investigation, to date, of the temporal distribution and fractionation of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners in an inland lake has been conducted in Little Lake Butte des Morts, WI. Distinct seasonal variations in dissolved and particle associated PCBs were observed over a two year period at the lake outlet; the lowest values occurred during ice-cover periods while the highest values occurred during summertime. Total dissolved PCBs ranged from 1.4–34 ng/L while total particle associated PCBs varied from 2.1–105 ng/L. An average of 71% of the total PCBs were associated with particles. Both PCB fractions were dominated by ortho-chlorinated di-, tri-, and tetrachlorobiphenyls with IUPAC #28+31 accounting for the greatest portion. Some changes appear to have taken place in the environmental composition of congeners since PCBs first entered this waterway through effluent discharges.     

The internal barriers of rotation for the 209 polychlorinated biphenyls

The internal barrier of rotation (Erot) was calculated for all 209 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) by using a semi-empirical method, viz. the Austin Model 1 (AMI) Hamiltonian. The difference in total energy between a forced planar state and an optimised twisted structure was defined as Erot. The Erot values were in the range of 8.33 to 483 kj/mol, and were significantly influenced by the number of chlorine atoms inortho position. An additional structural characteristic of the PCBs influencing Erot ofortho substituted congeners was substitution by chlorine atoms in vicinalmeta positions, which is assumed to prevent outward bending ofortho substituents. This so-called buttressing effect contributed with 4 to 31 kj/mol per added chlorine atom. In conclusion, the internal barrier of rotation, calculated for all 209 PCBs, provides an important structure dependent physico-chemical parameter for multivariate modelling of future quantitative structure-activity and structure-property relationships (QSARs/QSPRs).     

鱼体内EROD活性对多氯联苯类的指示作用

运用鱼体肝脏中的EROD(7 ethoxyresorufin O deethylase)活性作为生态标记物 ,来指示大连近海部分水域的多氯联苯 (PCBs)类物质的污染状况。结果表明鱼体肝脏内的EROD活性可被PCBs诱导 ,导致活性异常增高 ,并与环境中特定污染物浓度之间存在着定量响应关系 ,EROD的这个特性可以用来评估海洋生态环境健康并作为预警指标。我们选取大连近海水域部分具有代表性的站位 ,分析测定其鱼样中EROD活性 ,并结合环境化学指标进行综合分析 ,证明将EROD作为指示多氯联苯类污染物的生态标记物是切实可行的 ,该方法在海洋环境监测中具有实际应用价值。     

多氯联苯在水稻田中的迁移行为

对典型污染地区水稻田土壤及作物中多氯联苯的含量和分布特征进行了研究。结果表明，土壤中以4－6氯取代的PCBs同类物（congeners）为主，三者占PCBs总量的85％以上；多氯联苯在土壤中的横向和纵向迁移行为很弱，同类物之间表现出不同的迁移特性；水稻对多氯联苯没有明显的生物富集作用；水稻不同组织中多氯联苯的含量相差很大，其中浓度分布顺序为稻叶＞稻壳＞稻杆＞糙米；大气沉降可能是水稻污染的主要来源。     

多氯联苯(PCBs)污染对秋茄Kandelia candel生长的影响

通过盆栽实验研究了不同浓度(180×10-9、900×10-9、1 800×10-9和2 700×10-9)的多氯联苯(PCBs)对红树植物秋茄Kandelia candel幼苗生长的影响.结果表明:秋茄的生长指标茎高、茎径、茎体积和生物量的生长量呈现先上升后下降的变化趋势,不过各处理的生长指标均高于对照组;研究表明,秋茄能在PCBs浓度为2 700×10-9的沉积物中正常生长,对PCBs有较强的耐受性和适应性.     

中山市近岸海域水中19种多氯联苯的监测研究

作为国家近岸海域监测网络成员之一,十二五期间,中山市环境监测站共完成15次近岸海域常规监测,出具海水监测数据800余个.2015年,为摸清中山市近岸海域水有机污染状况,对中山市近岸海域水中19种多氯联苯进行了监测.结果表明:中山市近岸海域水质良好,但部分区域存在一定的多氯联苯污染.中山市近岸海域水体环境质量状况总体上处于良好的状态,但是考虑到PCBs不容易降解,易在生物体内积累放大等特性,研究区域PCBs的污染状况仍应引起人们的注意.     

Diversity of chlorobiphenyl-metabolizing bacteria and their biphenyl dioxygenases in contaminated sediment

Bacteria and bacterial communities in sites contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls have been extensively studied in the past decades. However, there are still major gaps in the knowledge of environmental processes, especially in the behavior of previously described bacteria in vitro, their real degradation abilities and the enzymes that are involved in the degradation processes.     

Polychlorinated Biphenyls (Pcbs) Pollution in Sea of Japan

Deep waters of the Sea of Japan and surface waters of the Pacific Coast of Honshu and the northeast Sea of Japan were analysed for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) pollution. the ΣPCB concentrations in solution in the Sea of Japan (50-3000 m) were between 140 and 1230 fg dm_-3. the space-integrated surface water concentration near the Pacific coast of northern Honshu was 140 fg dm_-3and for the surface water of the Sea of Japan was 230 fg dm_-3. Based on these analyses four water masses were deduced in the Sea of Japan during the summer months. It is shown for the first time in the Sea of Japan that polychlorinated biphenyls are excellent chemical indicators of not only the anthropogenic pollution, but also water masses.     

四川凉山藏彝青少年头发中多氯联苯污染水平的研究

本研究采用索式提取-气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)分析了39份来自四川省凉山州藏族、彝族青少年(11~19岁)头发样品中的12种类二英多氯联苯(DL-PCBs)的浓度水平及其同族体组成,并分析了其浓度与民族、食肉和饮奶习惯及性别的相关性.结果表明,头发样品中PCBs的检出率为100%,DL-PCBs的总含量为(102.2±14.3)pg·g-1,含量范围9.6~991.6pg·g-1,表明该地区受到DL-PCBs的污染程度较轻.PCB-77、PCB-105、PCB-118为主要单体,占ΣDL-PCBs的84.7%.凉山州彝族青少年头发样品中的PCBs浓度显著高于藏族,且其浓度与每周食肉、饮奶频次具有相关性(P0.05),表明通过饮食摄取的PCBs可能是造成浓度差异的原因之一.该地区藏、彝青少年女性发样中PCBs浓度显著高于男性(P0.05).