Contaminant Exposure of Barn Swallows Nesting on Bayou D'Inde, Calcasieu Estuary, Louisiana, USA

Current and historical point source discharges, storm water runoff, and accidental spills have contaminated the water, sediment, and biota within the Calcasieu Estuary in southwestern Louisiana. In 2003, barn swallow (Hirundo rustica) eggs and nestlings were collected beneath two bridges that cross Bayou d′Inde, the most contaminated waterway within the Calcasieu Estuary. Samples were also collected from a bridge over Bayou Teche, a reference site in south central Louisiana. Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentrations in barn swallow eggs and nestlings were significantly higher at the downstream site on Bayou d′Inde (2.8 μ g/g PCBs in eggs and 1.5 μ g/g PCBs in nestlings) than at the other two sites (< 0.2 μ g/g PCBs in eggs and nestlings at both sites). Ethoxyresorufin-O-dealkylase activity in nestling livers was significantly higher at the downstream site on Bayou d′Inde (50 pmol/min/mg) compared to the other two locations (24 pmol/min/mg, each), probably because of exposure to PCBs. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and polychlorinated dibenzofuran concentrations in eggs and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in nestlings were at background concentrations at all sites. Trace element concentrations in barn swallow eggs and nestling livers were at background levels and did not differ among the three sites. A biomarker of DNA damage did not differ among sites.     

Evaluation of atmospheric sources of PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PBDEs around a steel industrial complex in northeast China using passive air samplers

The concern about emissions of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) from steel industrial parks has increased in the past decades. In this study, polyurethane foam (PUF)-disk based passive air samples were collected in and around a big steel industrial park of Anshan, Northeast China from June 2008 to March 2009. The levels, seasonal variations and potential sources of PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PBDEs in the atmosphere around the steel industrial complex were investigated, and potential contribution of these three groups of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) from iron and steel production was also assessed. The air concentrations of ∑₁₇PCDD/Fs (summer: 0.02-2.77 pg m⁻³; winter: 0.20-9.79 pg m⁻³), ∑₁₉PCBs (summer: 23.5-155.8 pg m⁻³; winter: 14.6-81.3 pg m⁻³) and ∑₁₃PBDEs (summer: 2.91-10.7 pg m⁻³; winter: 1.10-3.89 pg m⁻³) in this targeted industrial park were relatively low in comparison to other studies, which implied that the industrial activities of iron and steel had not resulted in serious contamination to the ambient air in this area. On the whole, the air concentrations of PCDD/Fs in winter were higher than those of summer, whereas the concentrations of PCBs and PBDEs showed opposite trends. The result from principal component analysis indicated that coal combustion might be the main contributor of PCDD/F sources in this area.     

7种指示性多氯联苯混合标准样品量值不确定度研究

分析并评估了异辛烷中7种指示性多氯联苯(PCBs)混合标准样品的量值不确定度。通过分析PCBs纯品中结构相似物、水分、无机物等杂质的含量,采用质量平衡法对PCBs纯品的纯度进行了定值。结果显示,7种指示性PCBs纯品的纯度为98.24%~99.92%,纯度不确定度为0.08%~1.28%。采用称量-容量法制备了各组分浓度均为50.0 μg/mL的异辛烷中7种指示性PCBs混合标准样品,全面分析了各组分的量值不确定度来源,主要包括样品配制、均匀性和长期稳定性等引入的不确定度。结果表明,该标准样品中,7种指示性PCBs组分的合成扩展不确定度为0.7~1.7 μg/mL。该标准样品量值准确且具有计量溯源性,可为我国PCBs相关国际履约监测和新污染物监测提供有效支撑。     

Levels of persistent organic pollutant and their predictors among young adults

Exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs), such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (p,p′-DDE), and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) continues to be of concern due to their ubiquitous distribution and high persistence. Current toxicant body burden is still a primary concern within the Akwesasne Mohawk Nation since other studies conducted within the community have shown relationships between these POPs and endocrine disruption.In this article we describe the levels of these toxicants in young adults of the Akwesasne Mohawk Nation between the ages of 17 and 21 years of age (mean age 18.1 years), and investigate potential influences of their current body burden. Seventeen congeners in fourteen chromatographic peaks were detected in 50% or more of the individuals sampled (geometric mean [GM] of the sum of these congeners = 0.43 ppb). Congeners 118, 138[+163 + 164] and 153 had the highest rate of detection (?98%) within the Akwesasne young adults. Of the other organochlorines, HCB (GM = 0.04 ppb) and p,p′-DDE (GM = 0.38 ppb) were found in 100% and 99% of the sample respectively.Significantly higher levels of PCBs were found among individuals who were breastfed as infants, were first born, or had consumed local fish within the past year. When compared to levels of p,p′-DDE, HCB, and 13 specific congeners reported by the CDC for youth between the ages of 12 and 19 years, the geometric means of several congeners (CBs 99, 105, 110, and 118) among the Akwesasne were higher than the reported CDC 90th percentile. In contrast, levels of CB 28 in Akwesasne young adults were ∼50% or less than those of the CDC cohort. p,p′-DDE and HCB levels were generally higher in the CDC cohort (GM of 0.516 and 0.065 ppb, respectively for Mohawks vs. 2.51 and 0.123, respectively, for CDC). Concentrations of non-persistent PCBs among this sample of Akwesasne young adults were higher than those reported by the CDC suggesting continued exposure, but lower than those associated with severe contamination.Additional research into the concentration trends of individual PCB congeners within Akwesasne youth and young adults is warranted to further improve our insight into the determinants and influences of organochlorine concentrations within members of the Akwesasne community.     

长江口滨岸水体悬浮颗粒物中PCBs分布特征

对长江口滨岸带14个采样点水体悬浮物中的多氯联苯(PCBs)进行GC-ECD测试,结果表明PCBs含量水平为2.5～51.5ng/g,平均值为13.2ng/g,普遍高于相应表层沉积物中的含量,但没有表现出明显的与排污有关的地域性分布规律;PCBs的含量与悬浮物的粒径和有机质含量不显著相关,而可能与有机质来源和矿物组成有关;在大多数采样站位,低氯代联苯(2～5CB)占PCBs总量的70%以上,其中2CB在悬浮物中占有绝对优势地位.这一组成特征可能与我国主要生产和使用低氯代联苯有关,但与过去表层沉积物中以3CB为主的特征不同,表明可能有新的PCBs的输入.与国内外相关研究结果对比,本区PCBs的污染属中等水平.     

Temporal and Spatial Trends in Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Concentrations of Mink in Canadian Lakes Erie and St. Clair

Mink (Mustela vison) carcasses were collected from local commercial trappers from fall 1998 to spring 2003 from tributaries and marshes within 4.8km from the shores of Lakes Erie and St. Clair, including the Wheatley Harbour and St. Clair River Areas of Concern (AOCs), as well as from inland sites (8 to 40km from shore). Liver concentrations, on a lipid weight basis, of chlorinated hydrocarbons were measured and compared among sites and to tissue concentrations of mink from two previous collections from similar sites over the past 25 years. Mink from the western Lake Erie sites, which included the Wheatley Harbour AOC, had significantly higher concentrations of sum PCBs and PCB Aroclors than those from the St. Clair corridor or inland sites, with concentrations from the rest of Lake Erie being intermediate. Dieldrin concentrations were also significantly higher in western Lake Erie than many other sites, and those of oxychlordane and mirex also tended to be higher (0.05 < p < 0.1). There were no differences in contaminant concentrations between the St. Clair River AOC and the downstream non-AOC Lake St. Clair site, with the exception of slightly higher levels of octachlorostyrene (OCS). Concentrations of PCBs and other chlorinated hydrocarbons in mink showed a general decrease over the past two decades. In contrast, PCBs and some organochlorine pesticides tended to increase, significantly so with oxychlordane, in western Lake Erie mink over the same time period. DDE declined at all sites. Currently, mink liver PCB concentrations are within the range associated with reproductive impairment, as determined from captive mink studies, in 11.7% of all animals collected from the Lakes Erie and St. Clair basin overall, but in almost 40% of individuals from western Lake Erie.     

PCB Levels and Trends Within the Detroit River-Western Lake Erie Basin: A Historical Perspective of Ecosystem Monitoring

An international workshop held in the spring of 2002 convened a group of technical experts to address monitoring, modeling, and management of PCBs within the Detroit River-Western Lake Erie basin. Participants shared and discussed a diverse set of research data bases pertaining to PCB levels within the region, discussed observed changes within different components of the local ecosystem, and identified several primary issues impacting future PCB management strategies. Results presented at the workshop indicate dramatic reductions in PCB contamination levels have been observed in much of study area between the late 1970s and mid-1990s. Estimates of loadings attributable to water and atmospheric sources have generally declined, as have PCB concentrations in herring gull eggs, smelt and walleye. Nevertheless, additional improvements have not been observed during recent years and elevated contamination levels remain a concern within local hot spots, particularly in the lower Detroit River and Trenton Channel. A primary recommendation broadly supported by workshop participants is the need to maintain, support, and coordinate a comprehensive ecosystem monitoring program for the Detroit River-Western Lake Erie basin, one that incorporates both near-field and far-field monitoring elements. Such a program is crucial to provide necessary data in support of understanding ecosystem trends, calculating annual mass loadings to the system, assessing impacts of remediation actions, developing improved modeling frameworks, and formulating cost-effective management strategies for the future.     

杭州湾南岸滩涂环境状况及与贝类养殖的关系

浙江省慈溪市滩涂环境与贝类养殖的调查结果显示,杭州湾海域水中石油类及无机氮含量介于Ⅱ、Ⅲ类海水水质标准之间,无机磷平均含量超过Ⅳ类海水水质标准。滩涂底质总体上符合海洋沉积物第一类标准,但一些样点多氯联苯(PCBs)超标。分离到2 976株细菌,隶属17个属及肠杆菌科的部分属,具有明显的陆源性特点。发现浮游生物71种,主要为硅藻类等广盐性种类,大部分为贝类的主要天然饵料。石油类、Cd、Cr、Hg、Cu及PCBs残留量在一些贝体内不同程度地超过GB 18421—2001《海洋生物贝类质量标准》。为有效改良和保育滩涂环境,提高养殖贝类的产量和质量,在揭示滩涂环境与贝类养殖关系的基础上,提出了一些统筹兼顾的措施和建议。     

废弃印刷线路板中材料的资源化回收利用技术

废弃印刷线路板（WPCBs）既有污染环境的一面,又有可资源化回收利用的一面.通过机械物理法、热解、超临界流体氧化和离子液体溶解等方法对其进行分离和回收金属和非金属材料.初步分选的金属需要进一步提纯以实现高附加值.而非金属材料可以用热解法、微波处理、超临界流体技术、等离子技术等技术进行产气和能量回收,也可以通过制备建筑材料或填料和其它功能村料进行物料回收.总之,对WPCBs进行适当地处理不但可以减轻环境压力,还可以变废为宝,实现资源再生利用.     

SBSE-GC/MS法测定饮用水源水中7种多氯联苯单体

采用搅拌棒吸收萃取(SBSE)-溶剂解吸-气相色谱/质谱联用法测定饮用水源水中7种多氯联苯单体,优化了萃取和解吸条件。方法在5 ng/L~100 ng/L范围内线性良好(r≥0.979),7种多氯联苯单体的检出限为0.8 ng/L~3.4 ng/L(100 mL水样SBSE萃取2 h),加标10 ng/L时实际水样回收率为93.0%~116%。