Evaluation of porous cup soil‐water samplers under laboratory conditions: Comparison of ceramic and PTFE cups

Three different types of soil solution samplers (two ceramic cups and PTFE) were tested in the laboratory to validate their use for collecting soil‐water samples and for monitoring the chemical composition of soil solutions. Interactions between porous materials and chemical solutions were examined under different experimental conditions for several major cations (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺ and K⁺) and anions (HCO^‐ ₃, NO^‐ ₃, SO₄ ^2‐ and Cl^‐) and for several minor ions (NH⁺ ₄, NO^‐ ₄, PO₄ ^3‐and B).

The results show that ceramic cups are not inert for bicarbonate, calcium and phosphate ions. Their use is only valid for a limited number of ions such as chloride and nitrate which, however, are the most studied ions in field experiments. PTFE cups have less restrictions although their use in measuring sulphates, phosphates and ammonium presents some problems.

Choosing the appropriate type of cup depends on the objectives. In any case, laboratory experiments must be performed before installation.     

纺织品抗拒挥发性有机化合物沾染整理方法的研究

频繁接触挥发性有机化合物的工厂作业岗位上的工人,所穿着的服装容易粘附有害的有机物质分子,进而危害工人的健康。为解决这一问题,本文探索采用变化服装面料的织造工艺、面料织物与聚四氟乙烯微孔薄膜复合以及含氟织物整理剂整理等方法,制作具有一定抗挥发性有机化合物沾染性能的防护服面料。实验中对不同纤维原料的织物,在未经整理和进行覆膜或含氟织物整理剂整理后,分别剪取样品放置在充满有机气体的氛围中熏蒸24小时,用二硫化碳萃取布料上的有机物,并使用气相色谱分析仪分析这些物质的含量。经过比较,发现克重较低、与聚四氟乙烯膜复合以及经含氟织物整理剂整理的布料,其抗拒挥发性有机化学物质沾染的能力均有所增强。综合使用这些处理方法,有望制作出具有理想的抗有机化学物质沾染的防护工作服,用于经常接触这类物质的工厂工人的日常劳动防护。     

折叠式滤筒过滤单元气固分离设备的开发与研制

采用高科技膜材料研究制成折叠式滤筒过滤单元,并组合形成一种新型的气固分离设备。其清灰系统选用富士ＮＢ系列ＰＬＣ控制,能够实现压差、连续或定时自动反吹控制。故该设备具有净化效率高、膜材料透气性好、压降小、表面光滑清灰效果好、滤筒使用寿命长、操作自动化水平高等特点。     

废聚四氟乙烯回收生产四氟乙烯单体的研究

在负压系统中,采用真空热裂解法裂解废聚四氟乙烯(waste PTFE)塑料,对四氟乙烯(TFE)单体生产工艺进行研究.考察了裂解压力、裂解温度对废PTFE的转化率和TFE收率的影响.结果表明,裂解压力是影响裂解产物中TFE质量分数的主要因素.在一定温度下,降低裂解压力,有利于提高TFE收率.当裂解温度为500℃,系统绝对压力小于0.5kPa时,TFE收率可达98%.     

Recovery of volatile fatty acids via membrane contactor using flat membranes: Experimental and theoretical analysis

Volatile fatty acid (VFA) separation from synthetic VFA solutions and leachate was investigated via the use of a membrane contactor. NaOH was used as a stripping solution to provide constant concentration gradient of VFAs in both sides of a membrane. Mass flux (12.23 g/m² h) and selectivity (1.599) observed for acetic acid were significantly higher than those reported in the literature and were observed at feed pH of 3.0, flow rate of 31.5 ± 0.9 mL/min, and stripping solution concentration of 1.0 N. This study revealed that the flow rate, stripping solution strength, and feed pH affect the mass transfer of VFAs through the PTFE membrane. Acetic and propionic acid separation performances observed in the present study provided a cost effective and environmental alternative due to elimination of the use of extractants.     

HRT对一体式PTFE膜生物反应器运行效果的影响

针对垃圾渗滤液高COD、高NH4-N,低生化性的特点,开发UASB/缺氧/好氧-膜生物反应器组合处理工艺.在不同水力停留时间(HRT)下,考察了系统对污染物去除效果及其膜污染特性.结果表明,在不同的HRT条件下,UASB/缺氧/好氧-膜生物反应器组合工艺处理垃圾渗滤液出水水质良好且稳定.出水COD除率随HRT的升高先增加后降低,且HRT为12.8h时达到最大值94.96%;系统对NH4-N的平均去除率随HRT的延长而升高; 膜污染实验结果显示: 较低的HRT条件下意味着膜通量较高,会加剧膜污染进程.通过实验得出结论当HRT=15h时,对膜污染的控制最为有利.对膜进行清洗,并进行扫描电镜分析.分析结果显示凝胶层的形成是膜透水性下降的主要原因.     

高透湿性生物防护服的研制

通过四种不同的方法制备了生物防护复合面料，通过基本性能测试选取了最优方案。将以聚四氟乙稀复合膜为中间层的复合面料进行了综合性能测试，将其制成连体式防护服，并对防护服的整体性能进行了测试。结果表明：该复合面料具有优良的生物防护性和透湿性，防护服结构合理。     

UASB-SMBR工艺处理某油田含油废水的可行性研究

通过考察某油田含油废水中COD、石油类污染物、悬浮物、氨氮以及挥发酚等污染物的浓度变化,评估了UASB-SMBR组合工艺处理油田含油废水的可行性以及聚四氟乙烯膜的抗油污性能.实验结果表明该工艺对含油废水中COD、石油类污染物、悬浮物、氨氮以及挥发酚等各类污染物质的平均去除率均在96%以上,工艺出水水质满足国家污水综合排放标准.膜污染的加重使得膜透水率逐渐降低,但在化学清洗之后透水率恢复到95%以上.     

一种新型电化学体系降解苯酚的机理研究

通过使用自制的碳聚四氟乙烯(CPTFE)气体扩散电极作为阴极,TiIrO2RuO2材料为阳极,研究了隔膜电解槽中电化学降解苯酚的机理.结果表明,在阴极室,CPTFE气体扩散阴极通过外界曝气提供的O2在阴极还原产生H2O2,电解80min后H2O2的稳定浓度达到8.3mg·L-1.采用电子自旋共振法(ESR)在阴极室中检测到羟自由基(HO·)的存在.采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)在阴极室检测到羟基加合物对苯二酚,证明HO·参与了苯酚的降解过程.在该电化学体系中苯酚的降解是在阳极直接、间接氧化及阴极产生的H2O2、HO·的氧化共同作用下完成的.阴极室检测到了对苯二酚、苯醌等苯环化合物和顺丁烯二酸、反丁烯二酸、丙烯酸、丙二酸、草酸、乙酸、甲酸等短链羧酸,据此提出了苯酚降解的可能历程,并对阴、阳极室中苯酚降解途径之间的差异进行了初步比较.