新型泡沫塑料救生衣的研制

基于自行研制的体积质量仅0．034g／cm^3、手感柔软的NBR／PVC共混改性的救生衣用泡沫浮力材料、采用模压成型技术制得的边角圆润、质量一致性好的泡沫浮力内芯，成功地开发出新型泡沫塑料救生衣，适体且性能优良，便于人体各种活动。     

聚氯乙烯和橡胶中化学成分的浸出行为及生态毒性

为探究塑料中化学成分的浸出行为及其生态毒性,以环境中广泛存在的聚氯乙烯(PVC)和橡胶(CTR)为研究对象,筛选25种有机塑化剂和15种金属作为目标物质,分析其在PVC和CTR材料中的浸出潜能,利用大型溞的急性致死效应和慢性亚致死效应(心率、胸肢跳动和游泳活性)表征了PVC和CTR浸出液的生态毒性效应。结果表明,PVC和CTR浸出液中共检出21种化学成分,其中邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯(DiBP)、邻苯二甲酸二(2-甲氧基)乙酯(DMEP)、双酚A(BPA)、双酚F(BPF)、Ca和Zn的浸出浓度较高。CTR中浸出的塑化剂和金属总浓度分别是PVC的8.8倍和1.2倍,且CTR中浸出的新型塑化剂BPF浓度达到3.51μg/g,显著高于BPA的浸出浓度。对比不同条件下浸出的物质量差异,发现光照能够加速PVC和CTR中DiBP、Zn和Ca等物质的释放,其赋存状态还受到细菌作用的干扰。CTR浸出液对大型溞的急性致死效应明显,48h半数致死浓度(LC₅₀)为浸出原液的19.1%。慢性暴露条件下,PVC浸出液对大型溞心率、胸肢跳动和游泳活性产生明显抑制作用,并造成大型溞肢体肥大。PVC和CTR等塑料颗粒不断排放,并在环境中累积,其生物毒害效应不容忽视。     

Polychlorinated dibenzo‐p‐dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in dated environmental samples,and their connection to known sources

This article investigates available environmental data from measurements of the everywhere present contaminants polychlorinated dibenzo‐p‐dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/F) in dated trends in sediment, soil and herbage from locales in Europe and North America. The PCDD/F data are examined in relation to potential major PCDD/F sources based on volume: wood and coal, example of natural combustion; pentachlorophenol (PnCP), example of chlorinated aro‐matics; and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pyrolysis, example of chlorinated aliphatic. Collected PCDD/F data of congener sums and 2, 3, 7, 8‐substituted congener (PCDD/F profiles) have been investigated with multivariate methods: principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares projection to latent structures model (PLS). The results show that PCDD/F data from 12 locales can be separated in one to three independent profiles. Normally one profile is related to the PCDD/F found in PnCP and another to combustion. A subtype of the ‘PnCP’ and ‘combustion’ profiles indicates PCDD/F contributions from PVC‐related combustions. The environmental profiles exhibit some differences from the suggested sources. The relatively unprotected PCDD/F related to PnCP is suggested to have passed photolytic and/or thermal dechlorinations. Lower‐chlorinated congeners in environmental profiles related to combustion appear to have been influenced by environmental distribution processes. PCDD/F data before industrial production of chlorinated organics have only limited similarity to PCDD/F in technical PnCP profiles; an average 4.6% of the PCDD/F is related to PnCP. This suggests that PnCP similarity in recent deposition profiles cannot be a result of environmental transformation. The average proportion of PnCP‐related PCDD/F profile in recent depositions is 35% with North America high (average 57%) and Europe low (average 24%).     

Influence of poly(bisphenol A carbonate) and poly(ethylene terephthalate) on poly(vinyl chloride) dehydrochlorination

Recycling of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) waste is a serious problem because of its high chlorine content. Dehydrochlorination of PVC-containing polymer waste produces solid residue char, for which conversion to pyrolysis oil in a petrochemical plant seems to be an attractive way of recycling PVC waste. Unfortunately, some polymer admixtures react with HCl and cause formation of chloroorganic compounds in a char. This article describes the influence of polycarbonates and poly(ethylene terephthalate) on thermal feedstock recycling of PVC wastes using a two-stage method. It was found that the presence of polycarbonate causes the formation of small amounts of benzyl chloride and other chloroaryl or chloroalkylaryl compounds. Poly(ethylene terephthalate) interacts with HCl forming significant amounts of various chlorocompounds – mainly chloroethyl esters of terephthalic and benzoic acids, but derivatives possessing chlorine directly connected to the aromatic ring are also formed.     

PVC的热解脱氯动力学分析

采用动态热重法对PVC热解脱氯反应动力学进行了研究,对不同升温速率下TG曲线采用下同方法分析,计算出反应速率常数、反应级数、活化能等脱氯反应动力学参数,并推断出反应机制,分析结果表明,PVC热解存在两个阶段,氯原子主要在250℃-300℃之间以HCl的形式释放,且反应为一级反应。     

超临界水无害化共处理PVC和医疗垃圾焚烧飞灰的可行性探讨

采用超临界水氧化降解PVC同时无害化处理医疗垃圾焚烧飞灰,利用PVC脱氯形成的中间产物盐酸提取医疗垃圾焚烧飞灰中的重金属,达到飞灰无害化的目的。结果显示,超临界水可以将飞灰颗粒打碎,从而提高盐酸提取重金属的速率和效果,但是在超临界水中还存在重金属的固定过程,过长的反应时间和过高的反应温度都会降低重金属的提取效率。在提取过程中,Cu和Zn优先于Pb被盐酸浸出,而Pb被浸出后很容易被超临界水进一步固定。综合考虑重金属在超临界水中的变化特性,总结出超临界水处理飞灰和PVC的最佳条件为:PVC与飞灰质量比0.5:1,温度400℃,提取时间90 min。处理后的飞灰再次经过水洗后,其重金属浸出浓度低于USEPA规定的限制值。本研究为飞灰的无害化处理提供一条新的思路。     

微压供热堆压力容器结构设计与力学分析

目的对微压供热堆HAPPY200的压力容器进行结构设计及分析。方法针对HAPPY200的特点,满足堆工、热工等专业要求,完成此微压供热堆堆本体的结构设计,并根据ASME锅炉和压力容器规范(ASME BPVC规范)进行压力容器的力学计算校核。微压供热堆HAPPY200采用池壳结合的方式,反应堆200 MW热功率两回路设计,设计压力1.6 MPa,出口温度120℃。压力容器采用不锈钢材质、35 mm壁厚的设计,采用ASMEBPVC规范对其进行力学计算校核。结果此结构中所得到的力学结果均小于ASMEBPVC标准所要求的限值。结论微压供热堆HAPPY200的压力容器设计满足堆工、热工等专业要求,其力学评定通过ASME BPVC规范要求。     

PVC塑料型材老化试验与思考

本文针对PVC塑料型材老化现象,从引起PVC塑料型材老化的基本观点、人工老化试验、不同地区气候老化影响、老化导致变色的影响因素等方面进行了讨论,提出了解决PVC塑料型材老化现象意见.     

老化前后轮胎磨损微粒与聚氯乙烯微粒对抗生素的吸附-解吸行为

近年来,微塑料（microplastics,MPs）作为一类新型污染物,广泛存在于水环境中而备受关注.与典型微塑料（PVC、PP、PE和PS）相比,轮胎磨损微粒（tire wear particles,TWP）在组成成分、添加剂种类和理化特性上存在显著差异.为深入比较TWP与典型MPs对有机污染物吸附-解吸行为的不同.以TWP和PVC微粒为目标MPs,土霉素（OTC）和磺胺甲唑（SMZ）为目标污染物,研究了TWP及PVC微粒老化前后对有机污染物的吸附-解吸特性,这对正确认识MPs潜在的水环境生态风险具有重要意义.结果表明,TWP及PVC在紫外线老化过程中,均表现为颗粒表面出现裂纹、凹坑和凸起,比表面积增大,含氧官能团强度增加,亲水性增强等现象.老化前后TWP及PVC的吸附模式均表现为表面吸附和液膜扩散两个阶段,其中TWP对Freundlich模型的拟合性较好,属于多层吸附;而PVC对Langmuir模型的拟合性较好,属于单层吸附.TWP对SMZ和OTC的载体能力均强于PVC,其中新制TWP与PVC对OTC的最大吸附量分别可达到5.14 mg·g^-1和1.38 mg·g^-1;而老化后TWP和PVC对OTC的最大吸附量分别增加至5.82 mg·g^-1和2.13 mg·g^-1,要大于老化前.解吸实验中,老化后TWP及PVC对抗生素的解吸量均高于老化前,而解吸率却随之降低.在同种解吸液中,老化前后TWP对抗生素的解吸量均高于PVC.而在模拟肠液环境下老化前后TWP及PVC对抗生素的解吸量均要高于在超纯水环境下.     

Determination of Microorganisms’ Attack on Some Flexible Polymers by Using Soil Burial Test Method

Many controversial issues have recently been associated with plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (pPVC) used in building applications, mainly for flooring. One of them has to do with the health impact of some plasticizers and thermal stabilizers based on heavy metal compounds. Recent advances in the synthesis of polyolefins based on metallocene catalysts can yield similar flexibility for formulations as is now available for those based on pPVC. Polyolefin copolymers are considered to be possible replacements for pPVC. The soil burial test has demonstrated that highly filled polyolefin elastomer formulations having a significant percentage of post-consumer polyolefins (up to 60% in laboratory conditions) have interesting properties from the biodegradation point of view. They are more resistant to microorganisms’ attack than plasticized flooring formulations based on PVC that are currently used, even in a very harsh environment as soil, where complex mixtures of microorganisms are present. The effect of microorganisms’ attack after soil burial was evaluated by visual examination, weight loss, water absorption and changes in mechanical properties.