丹江口库区覆膜耕作土壤氮素淋失随夏玉米生长期的变化

土壤氮素淋失是农业非点源污染的重要形式,也是水源地水质恶化的重要原因.以丹江口库区五龙池小流域为研究区,以农田黄棕壤种植夏玉米为例进行田间氮素淋失实验,通过与无覆膜耕作进行对比,研究覆膜耕作条件下土壤氮素淋失随玉米生长期的变化.结果表明,覆膜耕作土壤TN和NO_3~--N淋失量均明显低于无覆膜耕作,分别低25.68%和20.25%.夏玉米生长期内,覆膜土壤TN淋失量表现为苗期最高,拔节期和抽穗期显著降低,成熟期略微升高的变化趋势;覆膜土壤NO_3~--N淋失量表现为在苗期最高,拔节期显著降低,随后缓慢降低的变化过程;覆膜土壤NH_4~+-N淋失量表现为在苗期较低,拔节期升至峰值,抽穗期降至谷值,成熟期显著升高的变化特征.覆膜土壤TN和NO_3~--N淋失量分别与土壤中TN和NO_3~--N含量之间呈线性函数和指数函数关系;与土壤含水量和降雨量之间呈线性函数关系.上述结果表明,覆膜能降低土壤中氮素的淋失量,将对减少库区农业非点源污染具有明显的作用.     

多针-水膜电极电晕放电脱硫研究

采用不锈钢多针作为高压电极系统,水膜为低压电极.负直流高压电源供电,含二氧化硫(SO2)的污染气体从高压电极系统的轴向进入,沿着电晕放电电场从水膜上方通过,在电晕放电等离子体和水吸收共同作用下,生成硫酸使SO2得到脱除.主要研究了放电电压、气体中SO2初始浓度和气体在电极系统的停留时间对脱硫效果的影响,并测试了水中SO32-和SI42-离子浓度,分析SO2脱除机制.结果表明,电晕放电和水吸收对SO2脱除具有很好的协同作用,脱硫效果明显升高,SO2转变生成硫酸量的体积分数提高;脱硫效果随电压增加和停留时间的增加而增加,初始浓度对脱硫效果有影响.当SO2初始浓度(体积分数)为430×10-6,施加电压为14.5 kV,停留时间为7.5 s时,脱硫效率达90%以上.     

地膜覆盖对蔬菜地甲烷排放的影响

以位于西南大学农业部重庆紫色土生态环境重点野外科学观测试验站内辣椒-萝卜轮作菜地为研究对象,采用静态暗箱/气相色谱法,通过1 a的田间原位观测,研究地膜覆盖对菜地生态系统土壤的水热条件、CH_4排放通量及各土层CH_4剖面浓度的影响.结果表明,地膜覆盖能显著提高春夏辣椒种植季的土壤温度(P0.01),而在秋冬萝卜种植季则改变不明显(P0.05);覆膜种植土壤含水率在萝卜季显著高于常规种植(P0.05),而在辣椒季则差异不显著(P0.05);在整个观测周期内,覆膜和常规种植条件下,土壤CH_4的排放通量均无明显变化规律,CH_4排放通量的均值分别为-7.64μg·(m~2·h)~(-1)和-9.00μg·(m~2·h)~(-1),整个观测期CH_4净吸收量分别为0.54 kg·hm~(-2)和0.64 kg·hm~(-2),表明地膜覆盖在一定程度上能削弱土壤作为CH_4汇的能力.在各土层CH_4浓度观测方面,发现两种种植方式在整个观测周期内各土层CH_4浓度变化趋势大致相同,表现为:10 cm20 cm30 cm,覆膜土壤CH_4浓度在20 cm、30 cm深土层显著低于常规种植(P0.05),而在10 cm土层差异不显著(P0.05).相关性分析结果表明,覆膜种植土壤CH_4的排放通量与5 cm地温显著正相关(P0.05),与土壤含水率之间显著负相关(P0.05),而在常规种植条件下,CH_4排放通量与地表温度、5 cm地温及土壤含水率均无相关性;两处理10 cm、20 cm土层CH_4浓度均与地表CH_4浓度呈显著正相关(P0.01),30 cm土层CH_4浓度与地表温度及5 cm地温均呈显著正相关,各土层CH_4浓度与土壤含水率无显著相关关系.     

YTF-3飞机硬膜缓蚀剂应用研究

目的研究YTF-3飞机硬膜缓蚀剂应用于飞机维护/维修的有效性。方法参照新版美军标MIL-DTL-85054D(AS)和波音公司标准BMS 3-35的要求及测试方法,对自主研发的YTF-3飞机硬膜缓蚀剂的理化性能和使用性能进行评价。结果 YTF-3飞机硬膜缓蚀剂闪点在38℃以上,使用、运输和贮存安全;基本使用性能良好,干燥速度快,使用和去除方便;对飞机上常用金属材料具有良好的缓蚀作用,不会对金属材料造成腐蚀;具有极强的渗透能力和水置换能力,可以应用于飞机上缝隙结构,形成保护膜层;缓蚀性能良好,可以对飞机进行有效防护;耐高低温和耐紫外老化性能优异,飞机内外部均可使用。结论 YTF-3飞机硬膜缓蚀剂满足飞机防腐的要求,可以应用于飞机维护/维修。     

BOD快速测定仪的日常使用与维护

样品浓度影响到微生物膜上菌种的活性。在仪器的适用范围内,菌种活性的变化可分为四个阶段,即2~5mg/L、5~13mg/L、13~30mg/L、30~50mg/L。为了获得样品的准确浓度,需在这四个浓度范围内分别取两点进行点控,样品的精密度变差可以作为更换管路的一个依据。灵敏度下降表明,应该更换微生物膜。     

Psychological interventional approach for reduce resource consumption: Reducing plastic bag usage at supermarkets

A field study was conducted to investigate the reduction of plastic bag usage at supermarkets. Many behaviors leading to potential damage to the environment may be unintentional. This study applied a dual motivation model to plastic bag usage and examined the effects of an intervention aimed at promoting pro-environmental behavior. A voice prompt intervention was implemented in Japanese supermarkets. In the first (control) week, shoppers were given free plastic bags by the cashier. In the second (intervention) week, cashiers asked shoppers whether they wanted plastic bags. We collected observational and questionnaire measures of variables that predicted free plastic bag usage during the intervention. The results supported a dual motivation model of behavioral change. The voice prompt decreased the usage of plastic bags by both discouraging unintentional usage and encouraging an intentional reduction in usage. Possibilities for interventions designed both to attenuate unintentional motivation and to promote intentional motivation are considered.     

A comprehensive waste collection cost model applied to post-consumer plastic packaging waste

Post-consumer plastic packaging waste (PPW) can be collected for recycling via source separation or post-separation. In source separation, households separate plastics from other waste before collection, whereas in post-separation waste is separated at a treatment centre after collection. There are also two collection schemes, either curb side or via drop-off locations. These different schemes have impact on total costs of collection at the municipal level. It can also influence the facility choices and network design. Therefore, a method which can compare costs of various collection schemes is needed.A comprehensive cost model was developed to compare costs of municipal collection schemes of PPW. The ‘municipal waste collection cost model’ is based on variables including fixed and variable costs per vehicle, personnel cost, container or bag costs as well as on emission costs (using imaginary carbon taxes). The model can be used for decision support when strategic changes to the collection scheme of municipalities are considered. The model takes into account the characteristics of municipalities, including urbanization degree and taxation schemes for household waste management.The model was applied to the Dutch case of post-consumer plastic packaging waste. Results showed that that in general post-separation collection has the lowest costs and curb side collection in urban municipalities without residual waste collection taxing schemes the highest. These results were supported by the conducted sensitivity analysis, which showed that higher source separation responses are negatively related to curb side collection costs. Greenhouse gas emission costs are a significant part of the total costs when collecting post-consumer plastic packaging waste due to the low density to weight ratio of the materials collect. These costs can amount to 15% of the total collection costs.