白色污染的危害与防治

本文在综述白色污染形成原因、污染状况的基础上,介绍了我国目前解决白色污染的方法以及国外塑料废弃物的治理现状,同时探讨了白色污染防治中的问题,并提出了解决白色污染的对策。     

Emissions and distribution of methyl bromide in field beds applied at two rates and covered with two types of plastic mulches

A field experiment was conducted to compare two plastic mulches and two application rates on surface emissions and subsurface distribution of methyl bromide (MBr) in field beds in Florida. Within 30 minutes after injection of MBr to 30 cm depth, MBr had diffused upward to soil surface in all beds covered with polyethylene film (PE) or virtually impermeable film (VIF) and applied at a high rate (392 kg/ha) and a low rate (196 kg/ha). Due to the highly permeable nature of PE, within 30 minutes after injection, MBr volatilized from the bed surfaces of the two PE-covered beds into the atmosphere. The amount of volatilization was greater for the high rate-treatment bed. On the other hand, volatilization of MBr from the bed surfaces of the two VIF-covered beds were negligible. Volatilization losses occurred from the edges of all the beds covered with PE or VIF and were greater from the high rate-treatment beds. Initial vertical diffusion of MBr in the subsurface of the beds covered with PE or VIF was mainly upward, as large concentrations of MBr were detected from near bed surfaces to 20 cm depth in these beds 30 minutes after injection and little or no MBr was found at 40 cm depth. The two VIF-covered beds exhibited greater MBr concentrations and longer resident times in the root zone (0.5–40 cm depth) than corresponding PE-covered beds. Concentrations of MBr in the root zone of the high rate-treatment beds were 3.6–6.1 times larger than the low rate-treatment beds during the first days after application. In conclusion, VIF promoted retention of MBr in the root zone and, if volatilization loss from bed edges can be blocked, volatilization loss from VIF-covered beds should be negligible.     

Augmented hydrogen production by gasification of ball milled polyethylene with Ca(OH)2 and Ni(OH)2

PE ball milling pretreatment induces higher H₂ production and purity by gasification. Ca(OH)₂ reacts at solid state with PE boosting H₂ and capturing CO₂. Ca(OH)₂ significantly reduces methanation side-reaction. Polymer thermal recycling for hydrogen production is a promising process to recover such precious element from plastic waste. In the present work a simple but efficacious high energy milling pre-treatment is proposed to boost H₂ generation during polyethylene gasification. The polymer is co-milled with calcium and nickel hydroxides and then it is subjected to thermal treatment. Results demonstrate the key role played by the calcium hydroxide that significantly ameliorates hydrogen production. It reacts in solid state with the polyethylene to form directly carbonate and hydrogen. In this way, the CO₂ is immediately captured in solid form, thus shifting the equilibrium toward H₂ generation and obtaining high production rate (>25 L/mol CH₂). In addition, high amounts of the hydroxide prevent excessive methane formation, so the gas product is almost pure hydrogen (~95%).     

Monitoring of total volatile organic compound emissions from plastic runway surfaces

Abstract

Simulated with small environmental chambers, the emission characteristics of total volatile organic compounds from plastic runway surfaces were investigated by thermal desorption–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. This quantitative approach was validated using a dynamic recovery experiment, and the variation of emission factors from mixed-type plastic surfaces was determined. Also, the photodegradation of volatile organic compounds in chambers was introduced to decrease the background interference.     

我国包装废物产生及回收现状分析

针对我国包装废物产生、回收、最终处置的各阶段现状进行调查和分析,主要对于我国现阶段塑料、纸制品和金属制品的包装产生消费量进行综合分析,并实地对居民生活小区零散个体回收者的包装废物回收量和包装废物再生企业包装废物原料回收渠道以及最终流入生活垃圾填埋场的包装废物含量进行了调研. 将包装废物产生量、回收量与最终处置量相比较的结果可以看出,现有回收体系对于部分包装废物回收效果较好,例如包装废物中PET聚酯瓶和金属罐的回收效果最好;而没有经济利益的塑料袋几乎完全没有得到回收再生,是回收工作的难点. 再进一步通过对复合包装再生企业和PET聚酯瓶再生企业的回收体系的实例分析,提出我国现存包装废物回收体系中存在的问题.      

基于工艺过程的金属包装业VOCs污染特征

识别金属包装业挥发性有机化合物(volatile organic compounds,VOCs)产生和排放节点,定量分析不同类型生产工艺所排放VOCs的物种及含量,结合最大增量反应活性法和修正的气溶胶生成系数法对行业二次污染进行核算.结果表明,金属包装业排放的VOCs主要为苯系物、醇类、酮类和酯类,苯系物和醇类在不同类型工序和排污节点中贡献较大,酮类和酯类贡献相对较少,单物种浓度最高的VOCs为正丁醇,浓度达269.08mg·m^-3;生产线与相应的排气筒之间VOCs物种浓度相关性较好,但物种种类存在差异;行业的O₃和二次有机气溶胶(secondary organic aerosol, SOA)生成潜势(以O₃/VOCs和SOA/VOCs计)分别为(3.09±0.94)g·g^-1和(2.58±1.99)g·g^-1,苯系物和内全涂烘干工序为O₃和SOA的主要前体物和首要生成节点.     

Endocrine disruptors in bottled mineral water: total estrogenic burden and migration from plastic bottles

Background, aim, and scope  Food consumption is an important route of human exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals. So far, this has been demonstrated by exposure modeling or analytical identification of single substances in foodstuff (e.g., phthalates) and human body fluids (e.g., urine and blood). Since the research in this field is focused on few chemicals (and thus missing mixture effects), the overall contamination of edibles with xenohormones is largely unknown. The aim of this study was to assess the integrated estrogenic burden of bottled mineral water as model foodstuff and to characterize the potential sources of the estrogenic contamination. Materials, methods, and results  In the present study, we analyzed commercially available mineral water in an in vitro system with the human estrogen receptor alpha and detected estrogenic contamination in 60% of all samples with a maximum activity equivalent to 75.2 ng/l of the natural sex hormone 17β-estradiol. Furthermore, breeding of the molluskan model Potamopyrgus antipodarum in water bottles made of glass and plastic [polyethylene terephthalate (PET)] resulted in an increased reproductive output of snails cultured in PET bottles. This provides first evidence that substances leaching from plastic food packaging materials act as functional estrogens in vivo. Discussion and conclusions  Our results demonstrate a widespread contamination of mineral water with xenoestrogens that partly originates from compounds leaching from the plastic packaging material. These substances possess potent estrogenic activity in vivo in a molluskan sentinel. Overall, the results indicate that a broader range of foodstuff may be contaminated with endocrine disruptors when packed in plastics.     

Characterization of post-consumer polyolefin wastes by hyperspectral imaging for quality control in recycling processes

In this paper new analytical inspection strategies, based on hyperspectral imaging (HSI) in the VIS–NIR and NIR wavelength ranges (400–1000 and 1000–1700 nm, respectively), have been investigated and set up in order to define quality control logics that could be applied at industrial plant level for polyolefins recycling. The research was developed inside the European FP7 Project W2Plastics “Magnetic Sorting and Ultrasound Sensor Technologies for Production of High Purity Secondary Polyolefins from Waste”. The main aim of the project is the separation of pure polyethylene and polypropylene adopting an innovative process, the magnetic density separation (MDS). Spectra of plastic particles and contaminants resulting from post-consumer complex wastes and of virgin polyolefins have been acquired by HSI and by Raman spectroscopy. The classification results obtained applying principal component analysis (PCA) on HSI data have been compared with those obtained by Raman spectroscopy, in order to validate the proposed innovative methodology. Results showed that HSI sensing techniques allow to identify both polyolefins and contaminants. Results also demonstrated that HSI has a great potentiality as a tool for quality control of feed (identification of contaminants in the plastic waste) and of the two different pure polypropylene and polyethylene flow streams resulting from the MDS-based recycling process.     

Synthesis and characterization of antibacterial bio-nano films for food packaging

This study prepared antibacterial nanocomposite films for food packaging from Montmorillonite, which was modified by quaternary ammonium salts such as cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CT), hexadecyl-tributyl phosphonium bromide (HD) and corn starch (CS). After this, it determined the antimicrobial activity of CS nanofilms against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria. Dispersion of silicate layers and starch nanocomposite films was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the results indicated that presence of quaternary ammonium salts enhanced clay dispersion, and the starch films incorporated with quaternary ammonium salts would provide potential use in food packaging as nanostructural materials. The nanofilms that were obtained based on the results of the antibacterial analysis were confirmed to have much stronger antibacterial properties than those in similar studies in the literature.     

地震荷载作用下埋地玻璃钢夹砂管的动力响应分析

玻璃钢夹砂管在土木水利工程领域得到了愈来愈广泛的应用,但现有的埋地管道地震响应分析模型大多不考虑管-土动力相互作用,且多针对均质材料管道,无法应用于具有明显层状复合材料结构特征的玻璃钢夹砂管。基于玻璃钢夹砂管的层状复合材料结构特征,建立了完整的埋地玻璃钢夹砂管地震响应分析模型,在数值分析模型中,考虑了管-土间复杂的动力相互作用,以及地震散射波从有限域向无限域的传播。算例分析表明,所建立的埋地玻璃钢夹砂管地震响应分析模型可合理地分析埋地玻璃钢夹砂管在地震荷载作用下的动力响应。