废弃塑料包装物的管理及资源、环境评价

由于塑料包装材料具有明显的资源优势,而获得广泛应用。但塑料材料的原料——石油,目前面临枯竭窘境。同时,塑料包装废弃物的处理存在巨大的环境压力。焚烧包括塑料包装废弃物在内的生活垃圾,用于发电,是日本曾经采取的方法。近年来,因存在难以逾越的生态环境问题,而逐渐废止。工业生态学的材料流的循环利用模式,是解决资源耗尽、废物充斥的理想方法。源头分离是城市固体废弃物资源化的前提条件。按塑料品种分类回收,以材料形式重复利用,保留了塑料的材料价值,还需要解决,再加工过程造成材料力学性能下降的问题。将单一品种塑料转化成单体,不同塑料品种的单体转化率有很大差距,缩合聚合物较高,而PP、PE等则不然。混合塑料的热裂解可获得化工原料和燃料,又达到减少垃圾总量和石油资源循环利用的效果,具有开发潜力。填埋方式占用土地又人为阻碍了有机垃圾回归生物圈。控制性堆肥对避免大量使用化肥、农药造成的生态环境灾难,再建农业生产的可持续性模式,发挥重要作用。生物降解塑料袋对堆肥的实施,具有特殊价值。PET和E-CO在食品包装某些应用领域有优势,而PVC食品包装物的使用和废弃后再利用都存在问题。     

含除草剂非织造布的示范推广试验研究

含除草通的非织布用取农用薄膜的作物地面覆盖材料，经１年来的示范推广试验表明，其防草效果达到９０％以上，与农用黑膜接近，优于农用白膜，其对作物株高，叶片生长无影响，在农田管理得当（生长期保证灌水）条件下，有一定增产效果；对试验作物草莓，茄子，番茄，辣椒的可食部分的除草通残留量测定，未检出，农用薄膜在土壤中残留的模拟试验表明，作物根系能穿过非织造布生长，涂用的除草通在土壤中了最终浓度是非织造布上的喷涂     

Bag leakage: The effect of disposable carryout bag regulations on unregulated bags

Leakage occurs when partial regulation of consumer products results in increased consumption of these products in unregulated domains. This article quantifies plastic leakage from the banning of plastic carryout bags. Using quasi-random policy variation in California, I find the elimination of 40 million pounds of plastic carryout bags is offset by a 12 million pound increase in trash bag purchases—with small, medium, and tall trash bag sales increasing by 120%, 64%, and 6%, respectively. The results further reveal 12–22% of plastic carryout bags were reused as trash bags pre-regulation and show bag bans shift consumers towards fewer but heavier bags. With a substantial proportion of carryout bags already reused in a way that avoided the manufacture and purchase of another plastic bag, policy evaluations that ignore leakage effects overstate the regulation's welfare gains.     

我国包装废物的分类收集模式

针对塑料类、纸类和金属类等典型包装废物,采用3种包装废物分类收集模式,并在3个居民小区进行示范. 3种分类收集模式为:①自然状态;②在小区进行分类收集的宣传教育;③在宣传教育的同时由专业人员对小区生活垃圾进行分类. 采用物质流分析的跟踪观察法,通过问卷调查、现场采样和入户采访,对不同模式下各类包装废物的产生量、回收量与回收率等废物流数据进行统计,得到包装废物从产生、回收到再利用和最终处置的物流分析图. 结果表明:自然状态下包装废物也有一定的回收率,即我国现有的回收体系对包装废物的分类收集有一定的效果;不同类型包装废物的主要回收环节不同,纸类和金属类包装废物在家庭的回收率较高,而塑料类包装废物的回收主要依赖社会人员分拣;辅以宣传教育等方式,回收价值低、分类收集难度大的包装废物也能得到有效回收.      

Problems associated with ecological assessment of packaging

Current trends in the development of the world packaging market and the place of ecological tendencies in them suggest the need to analyse the present status of studies on the ecological assessment of packaging materials and packaging. The aim of this study is to present some aspects of ecological assessment of packaging. The methods and criteria of ecological assessment of packaging, including Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) and ecological classification of packaging proposed by COBRO (Polish Packaging Research and Development Centre) in Warsaw were used. The considerations presented in the paper related to the general assumptions of ecological assessment of packaging materials and packaging point to the complexity of the problem and, at the same time, to the immediate interest and importance of studies in this field, particularly in terms of implementing a specific environmental protection policy.     

我国塑料包装废物的产生和回收特性及管理对策

通过现场调查和资料调研,分析了塑料包装废物的流向和环境特征,总结了塑料包装废物回收的基本特点和经验教训,论述了塑料包装废物回收模式特点,深入分析了回收过程中存在的问题,并提出了加强塑料包装废物回收的管理对策. 结果表明:塑料包装是塑料制品中的重要构成部分,由于质量轻、回收体积大,不易回收,我国每年产生大量的塑料包装废物,城市生活垃圾填埋场成为塑料包装废物的主要流向和污染源. 目前我国塑料包装废物回收依托的是进城务工的个体回收者,与现阶段的国情相符合. 塑料污染问题不是短期内能解决的,必须采取长期的综合管理对策,如进行源头减量化、制定鼓励回收利用的经济政策、采取适宜的无害化处置方式等.      

对中外军用伪装防护包装器材建设的认识与思考

我军伪装防护包装存在质量意识淡薄、标准化程度低、防护包装方法和材料单一等问题。通过研究和借鉴外军,尤其是发达国家伪装防护包装器材建设的成功经验,研制出我军新一代具有防光学侦察、雷达侦察、热红外侦察等多频谱隐身性能,又具有良好的环境适应性和操作使用性防护包装器材。     

Plastic materials and water sources actively select and shape wastewater plastispheres over time

● Wastewater MPs exhibited resistomes and therefore health threats. ● High density of alkB gene indicates both HDPE and PET can be utilized by microbes. ● Plastics and waters actively selected and shaped the plastispheres over time. ● A broader phylogenetic spectrum of MHET-degrading microorganisms was annotated. The daily use of plastics presents a serious pollution issue due to their extremely slow degradation. Microplastics and the biofilm that grows on plastics (i.e., the plastisphere) are important subsets of plastic wastes. Many studies have been conducted to reveal the structures of the plastispheres, the driving factors for the formation of the plastisphere, and the ability of the plastispheres to degrade plastics in a variety of water bodies. However, the plastispheres related to wastewater are understudied. In this study, we used a microcosmic strategy to study the evolution of the plastispheres associated with microplastics (MPs) over time in wastewater. We found that plastic materials and water sources did not actively select and shape the plastispheres at an early stage, but the active selection for a unique niche of the plastisphere occurred after 14 d of growth. In addition, we confirmed that the alkB gene was densely present, and metagenomics showed some additional chemical reactions, which suggests that MPs are consumed by the microbes in the plastispheres. Additionally, metagenomics identified some metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) associated with high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The identification of HDPE-associated MAGs and PET-associated MAGs further supports the notion that the selection for a unique niche of the plastisphere is driven by plastic materials and water sources (in this study, after 14 d of growth). Our discoveries bring new views on the behavior of the wastewater-associated plastisphere, especially how long it takes a wastewater plastisphere to form.     

农用化学物资对土壤的污染状况与控制措施

随着现代化学农业的兴起与发展,不可避免地给环境造成污染。结合目前研究进展,主要从化肥、农药、地膜三方面入手,论述现代农业生产实践中,农用化学物资对重要的自然资源—土壤的污染状况及控制措施