基于Aspen Plus的生物质燃烧NOx生成模拟

利用Aspen Plus软件平台建立了生物质燃烧模型,对燃烧中NOx的生成进行了模拟计算,计算结果与已有文献的试验结果较好地相符.在此基础上,研究了燃烧温度和过量空气系数对生物质燃烧NOx生成的影响规律.结果表明,生物质燃烧过程中NOx的生成量随温度和过量空气系数的增长而快速增长;应用Aspen Plus模拟生物质燃烧具有一定的可行性,而且其模型参数设置较为灵活,能够对多种生物质的燃烧进行热力学分析,可为生物质清洁燃烧技术提供有益参考.     

“互联网+”时代的环境风险评估探讨

环境风险评估是环境管理的前提和依据。目前比较成熟的方法分为项目"事先"环评和健康"事后"风险评估。以上两种风险评估方法由于多种原因制约,无法提供给环境管理部门实时在线的环境风险结果。实际上,环境风险评估方法在不断完善中,随着互联网、物联网、云计算、三网融合等IT与通信技术的迅猛发展,环境保护领域也迎来了大数据时代,风险评估也将逐渐步入"互联网+"时代。新型环境风险评估更具系统性,将以数字化的形式体现环境(E)—污染物(M)—人为因素(H)的风险耦合度。虽然数字化环境风险评估在相关风险因子和风险评估方法上仍处于起步阶段,但它是新形势下环境风险管理的一个全新方向,其应用将对环境管理领域产生巨大影响。本文将分析传统环境风险评估与"互联网+"时代的环境风险评估差异,探讨新型数字化环境风险评估需要的支撑硬件与平台,并对数字化环境风险评估的发展趋势与挑战做出展望。     

Species- and tissue-specific accumulation of Dechlorane Plus in three terrestrial passerine bird species from the Pearl River Delta, South China

Little data is available on the bioaccumulation of Dechlorane Plus (DP) in terrestrial organisms. Three terrestrial passerine bird species, light-vented bulbul, long-tailed shrike, and oriental magpie-robin, were collected from rural and urban sites in the Pearl River Delta to analyze for the presence of DP and its dechlorinated products in muscle and liver tissues. The relationships between trophic level and concentration and isomeric composition of DP in birds were also investigated based on stable nitrogen isotope analysis. DP levels had a wide range from 3.9 to 930 ng g⁻¹ lipid weight (lw) in muscle and from 7.0 to 1300 ng g⁻¹ lw in liver. Anti-Cl₁₁-DP and syn-Cl₁₁-DP, two dechlorinated products of DP, were also detected in bird samples with concentrations ranged between not detected (nd)-41 and nd-7.6 ng g⁻¹ lw, respectively. DP preferentially accumulated in liver rather than in muscle for all three bird species. Birds had significantly higher concentrations of DP in urban sites than in rural sites (mean, 300 vs 73 ng g⁻¹ lw). The fractions of anti-DP (f_anti) were higher in birds collected in rural sites than in urban sites. Significant positive correlation between DP levels and δ¹⁵N values but significant negative correlation between f_anti and δ¹⁵N values were found for birds in both urban and rural sites, indicating that trophic level of birds play an important role in determining DP level and isomeric profile.     

PTA废水厌氧处理工程实例类比研究

文中介绍了PTA废水厌氧处理中目前国内普遍采用的厌氧（UASB）工艺.厌氧（UASB）工艺对PTA废水进行处理,不需要动力提供氧源,动力消耗低,可降低废水处理成本.厌氧（UASB）反应器的关键就是将反应器中的气固液进行三相分离,并保持反应器污泥的颗粒化.从工程实例的运行中概述了经典UASB反应器、新型UASB反应器和UASB Plus反应器的特点.     

“互联网+”模式下的气瓶安全管理平台研发

针对当前气瓶安全管理过程中存在的信息协同效率低等问题,探讨了基于“互联网+”的气瓶全链条平台化安全管理模式,实现气瓶制造、充装、使用、检验、安全监管、社会监督等各环节协同联动,以及设备、单位、人员等安全管理要素协同;以该模式为基础,结合云服务理念,研发气瓶安全管理“互联网+”平台,面向气瓶安全管理产业链充装、使用、检验、监管各方用户,实现气瓶链条式安全管控,进一步提升气瓶安全管理的水平,实现气瓶安全效益。     

Levels and isomer profiles of Dechlorane Plus in the surface soils from e-waste recycling areas and industrial areas in South China

Dechlorane Plus (DP) is a highly chlorinated flame retardant. Levels of DP were measured in surface soils from e-waste recycling areas and industrial areas in South China. Higher DP levels were found in e-waste recycling areas (undetectable-47.4 ng/g) than those in industrial areas (0.0336-4.65 ng/g) in South China. The highest DP concentration (3327 ng/g) was found at the e-waste recycling site in Qingyuan, while DP levels fell dramatically with increasing distance away from the recycling site, suggesting that the e-waste recycling activities are an important source of DP emissions. The mean ratios of anti-DP to total DP (f_anti) for different sampling areas ranged from 0.58 to 0.76 and showed no significant difference from the ratio for the technical DP products (t-test, p > 0.05). Further intensive studies are needed to investigate the process of DP degradation and its degradation products.     

Dechlorane Plus (DP) in air and plants at an electronic waste (e-waste) site in South China

Air and foliage samples (Eucalyptus spp. and Pinus massoniana Lamb.) were collected from e-waste and reference sites in South China and analyzed for Dechlorane Plus (DP) and two dechlorinated DPs. DP concentrations in the air were 13.1-1794 pg/m³ for the e-waste site and 0.47-35.7 pg/m³ for the reference site, suggesting the recycling of e-waste is an important source of DP to the environment. Plant DP, with concentrations of 0.45-51.9 ng/g dry weight at the e-waste site and 0.09-2.46 ng/g at the reference site, exhibited temporal patterns similar to the air DP except for pine needle at the reference site. The air-plant exchange of DP could be described with the two-compartment model. Anti-Cl₁₁ DP was measured in most air and plant samples from the e-waste site. The ratios of anti-Cl₁₁ DP to anti-DP in the air and plants may indicate the preferential uptake of dechlorinated DP by plant compared with DP.     

氯代阻燃剂得克隆对纤细裸藻的生态毒性效应

得克隆(Dechlorane Plus,DP)作为全球广泛使用的氯代阻燃剂,具有POPs特性和环境毒性,但其生物毒性数据非常有限。本文选择水生初级生产者纤细裸藻(Euglena gracilis)作为研究对象,通过检测藻细胞生长状况、光合色素水平、抗氧化酶活性、谷胱甘肽(GSH)和丙二醛(MDA)含量变化,研究了不同浓度DP对其生态毒性效应的影响。结果显示,低浓度DP对纤细裸藻生长具有一定促进作用,但差异不显著;DP浓度较低时(0.1和0.5 mg·L-1DP)类胡萝卜素含量受到轻微抑制;较高浓度DP暴露导致超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)水平显著增加,同时高浓度DP(8 mg·L-1)下MDA含量显著上升,提示膜结构受到损伤;表明较高实验浓度范围内,DP对纤细裸藻的生长及抗氧化系统均产生一定影响,结果将为DP的环境生态风险评价提供科学依据。     

Detection of Dechlorane Plus and brominated flame retardants in marketed fish in Japan

Fish samples purchased from Japanese markets were analyzed for Dechlorane Plus (DP)(syn-, anti-), polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE), and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD)(α, γ). Twenty fish were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for DP and PBDE, and using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for HBCD. DP was detected in 18 samples and ∑DP concentrations were <0.2-14.2 pg g⁻¹ wet wt. Among the DP isomers, anti-DP was the dominant residue observed in this study. PBDE was detected in all samples. Concentrations of ∑PBDE ranged from 2.2 to 878 pg g⁻¹ wet wt. HBCD was detected in 18 samples, and ∑HBCD concentrations were <0.02-21.9 ng g⁻¹ wet wt. In fish landed near the East China Sea and the Sea of Japan, we detected relatively high concentrations of DP, PBDE, and HBCD. These results indicate that the seawaters around East Asia are contaminated with flame retardants. This study demonstrates the presence of DP in fish marketed in Japan for the first time.