Nonpoint source pollution risk assessment in a watershed context

Nonpoint source pollution control requires assessment of the influence of dispersed runoff-contributing areas on downstream water quality. This evaluation must consider two separate phases: site-to-stream loading and downstream fluvial transport. Any model, combination of models, or procedure for making this assessment can be generalized to a simple spatial model or framework, which considers runoff or pollutant loading per unit area and down-stream attenuation, with drainage area as a scaling factor. This spatial model has a probabilistic interpretation and can be used in conjunction with a standard dilution model to give a probabilistic estimate of the impacts at the basin mouth of runoff from a specific upstream contributing area. It is illustrated by applying it to an assessment of the probability that various copper concentrations at the mouth of the urbanized South Platte River basin in Denver, Colorado, USA, will be exceeded as a result of runoff from a subbasin within the city. Determining the probability that a concentration of a pollutant at the basin mouth can be attributed to runoff from a discrete area within the basin is useful for targeting and risk assessment because it enables quantitative risk-based comparisons. The spatial framework is also useful for evaluating management and control options, since actions within the basin can be directly linked to water quality at a downstream point.     

水中触电危险性浅析及对策研究

通过典型事故案例分析,针对具有水中触电危险场所及极度潮湿场所触电事故多发、隐患严重以及相关技术标准不健全的现状,对水中触电危险性及预防这一课题进行了初步分析与研究,通过实验,初步了解了水的导电特性以及在带电的水中电压、电位差分布状况;对人体在带电的水中受到电击时的电压分布,触电电流走向进行了分析。笔者提出多项改进措施,在接地、接零系统中采用大幅度降低保护零线阻抗和重复接地电阻值以及加强等电位措施,正确使用漏电开关及安全隔离变压器等方法。上述改进措施具有一定的实用价值和可操作性,从而解决具有水中触电危险场所及极度潮湿场所的电气安全问题。     

Toward an integrative approach of the industrial risk management process in France

Management in the field of environmental protection and risk prevention has evolved to the increasing participation of all stakeholders in the decision-making process. It certainly results from the development of the Information society and the global increase of knowledge of the population, combined with the concerns of the populations related to a sustainable development of our civilisation. Our ‘risk society’, following the big industrial disasters (Flixborough,Tchernobyl, Bhopal, Challenger, and more recently Toulouse), has also developed a cautious attitude towards the role of the expertise when it comes to assessing risks, along with a question of the ability of science to give definite answers.

This has lead in particular to the adoption of the Aarhus convention in 1998 and the evolution of several regulations in the developed countries. For example, in France the new law no. 2003–699 of 30 July 2003 about the ‘prevention of the technological and natural risks and to the compensation for the damages’ has introduced an important innovation into the process of technological risks prevention.

This law has enabled the involvement of the stakeholders in the decision-making process related to risk prevention and has urged the development of specific tools to deal with the complexity of risk management issues, in particular for those related to land-use planning.

As technical support to decision-makers in risk management from both public and private sectors, INERIS has played an important role for the evolution of the French risk management system.

This paper describes an analysis on the difficulty to control major accident hazards in an evolving context where the industrial systems becomes more and more complex and where the expectations of the civil society has increased. Then, the authors describe how an integrated vision for industrial risk management has emerged in France and is being implemented in a new law adopted after the Toulouse disaster.     

供应链战略联盟的风险问题研究

供应链战略联盟是指供应链上两个或两个以上的企业 ,为了实现资源共享、风险共担、优势互补等特定的战略目标 ,在保持自身独立性的条件下 ,而建立的较为稳定的合作伙伴关系。供应链战略联盟的合作伙伴在享受共赢的好处时 ,也要承担风险。笔者分析了 3类供应链战略联盟的风险 ;应用SWOT法确定风险发生的领域和影响状况 ;提出建立动态合同和增加敏捷信任以有效防范风险。     

An evaluation of landfill disposal of asbestos-containing waste and geothermal residues within a risk-assessment framework

 The public perception of risks related to waste disposal facilities appears to reflect general societal anxieties and fears, which may not have a reasonable basis. A three-tier risk assessment study was therefore conducted to evaluate the landfill disposal of asbestos-containing waste (ACW) and geothermal residues. From the tier-1 analysis, the dominant asbestiform phase was identified as chrysotile, that is tightly bound in the matrix of calcite, while arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and lead were identified as the chemicals of potential concern associated with geothermal residues. From the tier-2 analysis, none of the possible exposure pathways associated with the landfill disposal of ACW was found to be potentially significant. On the other hand, there were potentially significant pathways associated with landfill disposal of geothermal residues because of the considerable potential pollution impact of leachate on soil and groundwater quality. From the tier-3 analysis, the health risk associated with landfill disposal of geothermal residues was found to be time-dependent, since the contributions to risk from water-dependent and water-independent pathways occur at different times, as indicated by RESRAD–Chem simulations. Component pathway analyses were performed to identify critical exposure pathways. The results from model sensitivity analysis have identified the input parameters that have the most influence on the time of peak risk, and the cancer risk associated with water-dependent and water-independent pathways. Received: July 9, 2002 / Accepted: October 17, 2002     

Design for safety in Safecharts with risk ordering of states

Safecharts is a variant of Statecharts intended exclusively for safety critical systems design. With two separate representations for functional and safety requirements, Safecharts brings the distinctions and dependencies between them into sharper focus, helping both designers and auditors alike in modelling and reviewing safety features. Safecharts incorporates ways to represent equipment failures and failure handling mechanisms and uses a safety-oriented classification of transitions and a safety-oriented scheme for resolving any unpredictable non-deterministic pattern of behaviour. It achieves these through an explicit representation of risks posed by hazardous states by means of an ordering of states and a concept called risk band. Recognising the possibility of gaps and inaccuracies in safety analysis, Safecharts do not permit transitions between states with unknown relative risk levels. However, in order to limit the number of transitions excluded in this manner, Safecharts provides a default interpretation for relative risk levels between states not covered by the risk ordering relation, requiring the designer to clarify the risk levels in the event of a disagreement and thus improving the risk assessment process.     

沈阳市某化工园区现状环境风险评估

从风险物质数量、风险诱发因素及风险防控能力角度出发,采用加权评分法,结合周边环境敏感受体情况,对沈阳市某化工园现状做环境风险评估。结果表明:JHYSD和XJHX的区域环境风险值贡献最大,分别为3.08和2.59,约占园区内总风险值的41.2%;该化工园综合环境风险值为13.57,构成该综合风险值的各分项大小不同,其中,RIS_(危险废物)分项环境风险最大,贡献率达到28.89%,其次为RIS_(大气),贡献率达27.34%,其余三者顺序为RIS_(化学品)RIS_水RIS_(累积)。     

中国环境风险评价体系的完善:来自美国的经验和启示

分析总结了美国在比较风险评价研究、环境风险评价指南、环境风险评价过程中的不确定性分析和风险交流等方面的经验,并结合我国环境风险评价现状和存在问题,提出,开展比较风险评价研究,完善环境风险评价指南体系,减小环境风险评价的不确定性和建立有效可行的环境风险交流体系的建议,从而完善我国环境风险评价体系,提高环境风险评价结果的真实性和可靠性。     

某地区铁路职工ASCVD总体发病危险评估调查分析

评估某地区铁路职工ASCVD总体发病危险,为健康干预提供依据。按照《中国成人血脂异常防治指南(2016年修订版)》分析该地区2 910名铁路职工ASCVD总体发病危险、ASCVD危险因素及降LDL-C/非-HDL-C达标率。结果表明,铁路职工中ASCVD极高危、高危、10年高危、10年中危、10年低危和余生危险人数比例分别为1.48%、9.48%、5.36%、11.75%、68.76%和2.16%;危险因素中前三位为超重和肥胖、吸烟、血脂异常;降LDL-C/非-HDL-C达标情况极高危人群、高危人群、10年高危人群均低于30%。说明该地区铁路职工ASCVD发病危险高,中青年人群余生危险应引起重视;ASCVD危险因素多,高危人群降LDL-C/非-HDL-C达标率低;应采取积极措施,根据ASCVD发病危险分层进行不同强度健康干预。     

长江中下游河道整治工程施工期溢油风险防范措施研究

文中主要针对长江中下游河道整治工程施工期可能会发生的溢油事故,利用费伊公式进行油膜扩散的预测,提出溢油风险防范措施。建议在施工范围内的饮用水取水口在施工期预先设置围油栏,将溢油事故对取水口的影响降低至最低程度。