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201.
Sustainability of rural water supply programs in developing countries is still an elusive goal. It is widely accepted that, as a rule, they have failed to deliver benefits to society in the long run. Emphasis has frequently been placed on the short‐term activities. Fast production of new schemes is thus a common strategy, prioritizing the engineering component, while sidestepping social and participatory issues and community empowerment. In 2006, the Government of Tanzania launched a national program to meet water sector targets set out in the Millennium Development Goals by the year 2015. In this study we evaluate key features of the program on a sustained basis. There is evidence that the Government is promoting more sustained facilities, focusing on cost recovery and on ‘decentralization by devolution’. Nevertheless, there are several shortcomings which threaten the long‐term functionality of the infrastructure that has to be built. In light of the implementation of the program, and based on the outputs of its pilot phase, we review the factors that can determine its sustainability. 相似文献
202.
Combination of multispectral remote sensing, variable rate technology and environmental modeling for citrus pest management 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The Lower Rio Grande Valley (LRGV) of south Texas is an agriculturally rich area supporting intensive production of vegetables, fruits, grain sorghum, and cotton. Modern agricultural practices involve the combined use of irrigation with the application of large amounts of agrochemicals to maximize crop yields. Intensive agricultural activities in past decades might have caused potential contamination of soil, surface water, and groundwater due to leaching of pesticides in the vadose zone. In an effort to promote precision farming in citrus production, this paper aims at developing an airborne multispectral technique for identifying tree health problems in a citrus grove that can be combined with variable rate technology (VRT) for required pesticide application and environmental modeling for assessment of pollution prevention. An unsupervised linear unmixing method was applied to classify the image for the grove and quantify the symptom severity for appropriate infection control. The PRZM-3 model was used to estimate environmental impacts that contribute to nonpoint source pollution with and without the use of multispectral remote sensing and VRT. Research findings using site-specific environmental assessment clearly indicate that combination of remote sensing and VRT may result in benefit to the environment by reducing the nonpoint source pollution by 92.15%. Overall, this study demonstrates the potential of precision farming for citrus production in the nexus of industrial ecology and agricultural sustainability. 相似文献
203.
How to Quantify Sustainable Development: A Risk-Based Approach to Water Quality Management 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Since the term was coined in the Brundtland report in 1987, the issue of sustainable development has been challenged in terms
of quantification. Different policy options may lend themselves more or less to the underlying principles of sustainability,
but no analytical tools are available for a more in-depth assessment of the degree of sustainability. Overall, there are two
major schools of thought employing the sustainability concept in managerial decisions: those of measuring and those of monitoring.
Measurement of relative sustainability is the key issue in bridging the gap between theory and practice of sustainability
of water resources systems. The objective of this study is to develop a practical tool for quantifying and assessing the degree
of relative sustainability of water quality systems based on risk-based indicators, including reliability, resilience, and
vulnerability.
Current work on the Karoun River, the largest river in Iran, has included the development of an integrated model consisting
of two main parts: a water quality simulation subroutine to evaluate Dissolved Oxygen Biological Oxygen Demand (DO-BOD) response,
and an estimation of risk-based indicators subroutine via the First Order Reliability Method (FORM) and Monte Carlo Simulation
(MCS). We also developed a simple waste load allocation model via Least Cost and Uniform Treatment approaches in order to
consider the optimal point of pollutants control costs given a desired reliability value which addresses DO in two different
targets.
The Risk-based approach developed herein, particularly via the FORM technique, appears to be an appropriately efficient tool
for estimating the relative sustainability. Moreover, our results in the Karoun system indicate that significant changes in
sustainability values are possible through dedicating money for treatment and strict pollution controls while simultaneously
requiring a technical advance along change in current attitudes for environment protection. 相似文献
204.
BioScene (scenarios for reconciling biodiversity conservation with declining agriculture use in mountain areas in Europe)
was a three-year project (2002–2005) funded by the European Union’s Fifth Framework Programme, and aimed to investigate the
implications of agricultural restructuring and decline for biodiversity conservation in the mountain areas of Europe.
The research took a case study approach to the analysis of the biodiversity processes and outcomes of different scenarios
of agri-environmental change in six countries (France, Greece, Norway, Slovakia, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom) covering
the major biogeographical regions of Europe. The project was coordinated by Imperial College London, and each study area had
a multidisciplinary team including ecologists and social and economic experts, which sought a comprehensive understanding
of the drivers for change and their implications for sustainability.
A key component was the sustainability assessment (SA) of the alternative scenarios. This article discusses the development
and application of the SA methodology developed for BioScene. While the methodology was objectives-led, it was also strongly
grounded in baseline ecological and socio-economic data. This article also describes the engagement of stakeholder panels
in each study area and the use of causal chain analysis for understanding the likely implications for land use and biodiversity
of strategic drivers of change under alternative scenarios for agriculture and rural policy and for biodiversity management.
Finally, this article draws conclusions for the application of SA more widely, its use with scenarios, and the benefits of
stakeholder engagement in the SA process. 相似文献
205.
Zaki Alam Pushan Ehsanur Rahman Nafisa Islam Nirupam Aich 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2022,16(10):128
206.
Jeffrey Alan Hoffmann 《Environmental Communication: A Journal of Nature and Culture》2018,12(6):807-824
The following study looks at how traditional, organic, cooperative farmers starting a new farming cooperative in the US Southwest communicate about their farming as a set of (sustainable) cultural practices. The study draws on environmental communication theory, the theory of the coordinated management of meaning, and Vandana Shiva’s three-tiered economic model to construct a communication-based framework through which to view farmers’ stories about sustainability. This framework is productive, showing how some Nuevo Mexicano farmers (and others) orient toward farming, sustenance, and human-nature relationships through community, family, heritage, and education. Moreover, in addition to a conceptualization of sustainability as specific practices for nurturing and enduring in environments, communities, and organizations/institutions, sustainability can be understood as embedded ecocultural and historical experience with cross-cultural parallels in land-based communities. This study advances the ethical duty of environmental communication to better understand the ways in which environmental discourse and ecocultural and material realities are imbricated, as well as the call for such discursive study to be grounded in phenomenological experience of the natural world. 相似文献
207.
Alberto Fonseca Patricia Fitzpatrick Mary Louise McAllister 《Natural resources forum》2013,37(4):211-220
The socio‐economic fabric of single‐company mining towns needs to be carefully considered by both Government and companies in sustainability policymaking. Policy design and effectiveness in such towns are significantly impacted by the city's economic dependence on a single company. This paper explores the perceived effectiveness of government and voluntary private sector mining policies for pursuing sustainability in the historic mining town of Itabira, Brazil over a period of 20 years. Itabira serves as a worthwhile case study because it allows for an in‐depth and longitudinal analysis that can reveal valuable lessons to policymakers of different sectors and jurisdictions located elsewhere. Based on extensive face‐to‐face interviews and literature reviews, study results indicate that changes to the state environmental licensing policies in the 1990s led to significant socio‐environmental improvements in the area. The globalization of the mining company also contributed to an increase in the quantity and quality of voluntary industry policies. Recent technological improvements in the beneficiation processes of the mining company promises to extend the life of the mine to 2050. Although there are significant incremental socio‐environmental policies and programmes, sustainability remains an elusive vision in Itabira, with no clear objectives or monitoring and accountability mechanisms. The paper concludes by recommending a more formal integrated policymaking framework. 相似文献
208.
209.
Calls for a reconnection to nature and the biosphere have been growing louder over the last decades. Cultural landscapes are rapidly changing, posing a threat to ecosystems and biodiversity, but also to human–nature connections. Human–nature connectedness may be a potential lever to shift the unsustainable trajectory that we are currently proceeding, but is also negatively influenced by it. To concretize the call for a reconnection to nature, we used the leverage points perspective on five empirical case studies with focus on human–nature connectedness. Based on the synthesis of our yearlong work, in this perspective paper, we propose four leverage points to foster a sustainability transformation: (1) maintain and enhance the structural diversity of landscapes, (2) maintain and enhance economically and ecologically sustainable small-scale agriculture, (3) strengthen sense of place and (4) strengthen sense of agency in actors. Intervening in these leverage points could be effective to foster human–nature connectedness and ultimately contribute towards a sustainable trajectory. We further argue that the interconnection between leverage points is equally important as their systemic depth.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13280-021-01504-2. 相似文献
210.