Assessment of biogeochemical natural attenuation and treatment of chlorinated solvents, Altus Air Force Base, Altus, Oklahoma

Biogeochemical reductive dechlorination (BiRD) is a newly recognized method for the remediation or natural attenuation of chlorinated solvents. Chlorinated solvents are rapidly treated by abiotic reaction with reduced mineral iron sulfides. Iron sulfides are formed by naturally occurring sulfate-reducing bacteria when sufficient SO(4)(2-) and organic carbon are present or supplied to sediments containing mineral iron. An example of site characterization focusing on BiRD is presented focusing on mineral phases. Methods demonstrated here may be employed at other sites to evaluate naturally occurring BiRD or to evaluate an engineered BiRD remediation. A field investigation was performed at a TCE contaminated site at Altus AFB with naturally high concentrations of SO(4)(2-) and Fe(III) minerals and where an accidental fuel spill provided organic carbon. In the area of this fuel spill significant mineral iron sulfides were found, sulfate was almost completely removed, and TCE was absent. Only small amounts of daughter products were found, further indicating that the BiRD pathway was operative. Mass balance data indicates all of the remaining TCE (182 kg) could be treated by the remaining FeS (66.5 kg) in the upper aquifer; however, the FeS was not co-located with TCE to enable complete reaction. Laboratory microcosm tests with FeS amended and FeS-rich sediment from Altus AFB also suggest that BiRD is capable of destroying TCE. The results suggest that an engineered BiRD treatment is possible for this site.     

Channel flow and trichloroethylene treatment in a partly iron-filled fracture: experimental and model results

Technical developments have now made it possible to emplace granular zero-valent iron (Fe(0)) in fractured media to create a Fe(0) fracture reactive barrier (Fe(0) FRB) for the treatment of contaminated groundwater. To evaluate this concept, we conducted a laboratory experiment in which trichloroethylene (TCE) contaminated water was flushed through a single uniform fracture created between two sandstone blocks. This fracture was partly filled with what was intended to be a uniform thickness of iron. Partial treatment of TCE by iron demonstrated that the concept of a Fe(0) FRB is practical, but was less than anticipated for an iron layer of uniform thickness. When the experiment was disassembled, evidence of discrete channelised flow was noted and attributed to imperfect placement of the iron. To evaluate the effect of the channel flow, an explicit Channel Model was developed that simplifies this complex flow regime into a conceptualised set of uniform and parallel channels. The mathematical representation of this conceptualisation directly accounts for (i) flow channels and immobile fluid arising from the non-uniform iron placement, (ii) mass transfer from the open fracture to iron and immobile fluid regions, and (iii) degradation in the iron regions. A favourable comparison between laboratory data and the results from the developed mathematical model suggests that the model is capable of representing TCE degradation in fractures with non-uniform iron placement. In order to apply this Channel Model concept to a Fe(0) FRB system, a simplified, or implicit, Lumped Channel Model was developed where the physical and chemical processes in the iron layer and immobile fluid regions are captured by a first-order lumped rate parameter. The performance of this Lumped Channel Model was compared to laboratory data, and benchmarked against the Channel Model. The advantages of the Lumped Channel Model are that the degradation of TCE in the system is represented by a first-order parameter that can be used directly in readily available numerical simulators.     

土壤包气带含水率对氯代烃垂向迁移影响的模拟研究

氯代烃类挥发性有机物在土壤包气带中的垂向迁移是该类污染物呼吸暴露风险的重要途径.为探究氯代烃在土壤包气带中的垂向迁移规律,通过室内土柱模拟试验,研究土壤包气带含水率对不同氯代烃〔TCE(三氯乙烯)、PCE(四氯乙烯)〕气相扩散速率的影响,并通过线性拟合筛选出更准确的气相有效扩散系数预测模型.结果表明,土壤含水率与氯代烃气相有效扩散系数呈显著负相关〔R=-0.89,P < 0.01,n=7(TCE);R=-0.86,P < 0.01,n=7(PCE)〕.随着土壤含水率由0.5%增至40.0%,TCE气相有效扩散系数(D_T)由0.035 9 cm2/s降至0.002 5 cm2/s,平衡时间由13 h增至91 h,平衡时气体浓度由4.22 g/m3降至0.31 g/m3;PCE气相有效扩散系数(D_P)由0.033 9 cm2/s降至0.001 1 cm2/s,平衡时间由15 h增至103 h,平衡时气体浓度由3.01 g/m3降至0.12 g/m3.与Penman模型、Marshall模型模拟值相比,Millington-Quirk模型模拟值与氯代烃气相有效扩散系数实测值的拟合程度更好(R>0.95,P < 0.01,n=7).研究显示,土壤包气带含水率的增加对氯代烃气相扩散有明显的抑制作用.      

三氯乙烯和镉复合污染地下水的凹凸棒土吸附性能研究

研究了凹凸棒土对人工模拟地下水中TCE和Cd2+两者复合污染的吸附行为。分别探讨了pH值、凹土投加量和振荡吸附时间对添加了重金属Cd2+前后凹土吸附TCE效果的影响;通过凹土对TCE的吸附等温线,讨论其吸附的内在机理。结果表明:pH值的改变对TCE吸附率的影响不大;凹土对TCE的吸附3d后达到平衡,吸附率达到71.34%;当凹土加入量为0.03g时,吸附率可达51.08%;TCE在凹土上的吸附符合Freundlich等温式。TCE和Cd2+经复合之后,TCE的吸附效果有所下降;吸附过程仍符合Freundlich等温式。     

Enhanced degradation of trichloroethene by calcium peroxide activated with Fe(III) in the presence of citric acid

Trichloroethene (TCE) degradation by Fe(III)-activated calcium peroxide (CP) in the presence of citric acid (CA) in aqueous solution was investigated. The results demonstrated that the presence of CA enhanced TCE degradation significantly by increasing the concentration of soluble Fe(III) and promoting H₂O₂ generation. The generation of HO? and O₂^-? in both the CP/Fe(III) and CP/Fe(III)/CA systems was confirmed with chemical probes. The results of radical scavenging tests showed that TCE degradation was due predominantly to direct oxidation by HO?, while O₂^-? strengthened the generation of HO? by promoting Fe(III) transformation in the CP/Fe(III)/CA system. Acidic pH conditions were favorable for TCE degradation, and the TCE degradation rate decreased with increasing pH. The presence of Cl^-, HCO₃^-, and humic acid (HA) inhibited TCE degradation to different extents for the CP/Fe(III)/CA system. Analysis of Cl^- production suggested that TCE degradation in the CP/Fe(III)/CA system occurred through a dechlorination process. In summary, this study provided detailed information for the application of CA-enhanced Fe(III)-activated calcium peroxide for treating TCE contaminated groundwater.     

包气带不同深度土壤对甲苯和三氯乙烯的吸附研究

采用批实验研究了华北平原地下水中检出率较高的三氯乙烯和甲苯在沿污水河包气带不同深度土壤中的吸附情况。从3个地点分析结果来看,其中有机碳（OC）的质量分数均较低（最高为1.01%）。在河床和近河处土壤对甲苯和三氯乙烯的吸附总体上呈现出浅部土壤吸附性强的特点。在实验浓度范围内,土壤中无机矿物对有机污染物（特别是三氯乙烯）的表面吸附扮演了重要角色。土壤对甲苯的吸附表现出了强烈的非线性,而对三氯乙烯的吸附表现出了良好的线性关系。甲苯的吸附与土壤有机碳质量分数的关系要比三氯乙烯更密切,这说明了吸附作用过程与有机化合物的分子结构、疏水性等方面的性质也有关系。     

零价铁去除三氯乙烯及四氯乙烯对比实验研究

文章以三氯乙烯(TCE)和四氯乙烯(PCE)为目标污染物,采用批实验方法,研究零价铁的纯度、粒径、投加量对零价铁去除氯代烃的影响,同时分析TCE、PCE两种污染物共存对零价铁去除TCE和PCE的影响。实验结果表明:(1)在实验范围内,零价铁的纯度越高,粒径越小,投加量越大,零价铁对TCE和PCE的去除效果越好;(2)零价铁对四氯乙烯的去除效果比对三氯乙烯的去除效果好;(3)三氯乙烯、四氯乙烯共存时会相互竞争与零价铁的反应位点,从而降低各组分的去除效率。     

模拟有机-矿质体中不同吸附域对TCE的吸附影响

为研究无机矿物与有机质相互作用形成复合体对有机污染物的吸附行为影响,制备了蒙脱土-腐植酸复合体以及混合体模拟土样,分别代表蒙脱土与腐植酸之间有相互作用和无相互作用,并运用批实验的方法,针对不同有机质与无机矿物质量比(C/M)的有机-矿质复合体及混合体开展了三氯乙烯(TCE)吸附实验研究.结果表明,TCE在不同C/M的有机-矿质复合体和混合体中的吸附符合Freundlich等温吸附模型.采用纯蒙脱土及腐植酸的吸附方程叠加计算获取无相互作用模拟土样的固相吸附量计算值,计算值均小于复合体和混合体的实际固相吸附量,表明复合体中蒙脱土与腐植酸吸附域之间存在相互作用,导致腐植酸性质改变,使复合体的吸附能力增强,而混合体由于等温吸附实验过程中有水的参与,也可能在一定程度上形成了复合体.随着C/M的增大,有机-矿质复合体和混合体对TCE的吸附能力增强.当 C/M小于0.08时,复合体中蒙脱土与腐植酸发生较为充分的相互作用,导致腐植酸性质改变,增强了复合体对TCE的吸附能力,因而复合体对TCE的吸附能力明显强于混合体;当C/M大于0.08时,复合体中后续叠加在补丁上的有机质保留了源腐植酸的特性,这部分有机质将掩盖变性有机质的吸附影响,因而复合体与混合体对TCE的吸附能力基本相当.TCE初始浓度影响分析表明,当C/M固定时,随着TCE初始浓度(C0)的增大,非线性叠加模型的固相吸附量计算值与实测值的差值(?Qe)呈增大趋势,分析认为复合体中的变性有机质较其他组分对TCE具有更强的亲和力,随着C0的增加,变性有机质的吸附贡献率增大,因此导致?Qe的增大.     

三氯乙烯环境污染修复技术研究进展

三氯乙烯(TCE)是一种挥发性的有机溶剂,具有较强的环境毒性,对人体有很大危害,被列为"优先控制化合物"及"疑似致癌物质".近年来,许多研究者采用各类技术对TCE的降解进行了系统研究,并取得一定成效,为TCE环境污染的修复提供了多种方法.本文综述了物理修复、化学修复、植物修复及微生物修复等TCE原位修复方法的原理、效能、优缺点及各方法的影响因素,并展望了今后TCE修复技术的发展趋势.     

溶质迁移模型在地下水有机污染源识别中的应用

采用现场调查与数值模拟的方法,借助RT3D(reactive transport in 3-dimensions),对我国北方某城市局部地区地下水中的四氯乙烯(PCE)和三氯乙烯(TCE)污染来源进行了识别,对污染输入强度进行了反演,并利用Matlab中的Stepwise函数,对影响污染物输入强度的因素进行了多元回归分析.研究结果显示,研究区地下水中的PCE和TCE主要来源于区内使用有机溶剂的工厂和企业.地下水中的PCE和TCE存在天然衰减,在173天中,3个点的PCE浓度分别衰减了93.15%、61.70%和61.00%;TCE分别为70.05%、73.66%和63.66%.通过模拟识别出的4个点状污染源在模拟期间共向含水层中输入0.910 6kg PCE和95.693 8 kg TCE.回归分析结果显示,大气降水与包气带厚度是有机物输入地下水的主要影响因素.35 cm深的包气带中PCE和TCE浓度介于0～5 mg.kg-1之间.以上结果表明,区内地下水中PCE和TCE来源于地表释放的有机污染物.有机污染物一部分在向下迁移过程中自然衰减了,一部分进入包气带,然后又进入了含水层.由于本区第四系以砂卵砾石为主,所以大气降水促进了PCE和TCE向含水层的迁移.